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Article History

Received: 22 June 2025

Accepted: 4 September 2025

First Online: 14 October 2025

Declarations

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: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.

: Michael Eichlseder, Sebastian Labenbacher, Nikolaus Schreiber, Alexander Pichler, Michael Eichinger and Paul Zajic published one of the studies used in the scoping review. Karim Kouz is a consultant for and has received honoraria for giving lectures from Edwards Lifesciences (Irvine, California, USA). KK is a consultant for Vygon (Aachen, Germany). Bernd Saugel is a consultant for Edwards Lifesciences (Irvine, CA, USA), Philips North America (Cambridge, MA, USA), GE Healthcare (Chicago, IL, USA), Maquet Critical Care (Solna, Sweden), Pulsion Medical Systems (Feldkirchen, Germany), Vygon (Aachen, Germany), Retia Medical (Valhalla, NY, USA), Masimo (Neuchâtel, Switzerland), Dynocardia (Cambridge, MA, USA). BS has received institutional restricted research grants from Edwards Lifesciences, Baxter (Deerfield, IL, USA), GE Healthcare, CNSystems Medizintechnik (Graz, Austria), Pulsion Medical Systems, Vygon, Retia Medical, Osypka Medical (Berlin, Germany). BS has received honoraria for giving lectures from Edwards Lifesciences, Philips Medizin Systeme Böblingen (Böblingen, Germany), Baxter, GE Healthcare, CNSystems Medizintechnik, Getinge (Gothenburg, Sweden), Pulsion Medical Systems, Vygon, Masimo, Ratiopharm (Ulm, Germany). BS is an Editor of the British Journal of Anaesthesia.