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Article History

Received: 5 July 2025

Accepted: 23 November 2025

First Online: 26 November 2025

Declarations

:

: This study received United Kingdom Health Research Authority approval (IRAS: 336178) and internal approval from the Research & Development Board at South East Coast Ambulance Service NHS Foundation Trust, Crawley, UK. All the data utilised for this study were routinely collected as part of standard pre-hospital patient data collection. The need for informed consent was waived by IRAS in accordance with UK national regulations, as the study involved retrospective analysis of anonymised data. A full data privacy impact assessment (DPIA) was performed and approved by the Trust’s information governance department. This study meets the requirements of the Strengthening Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) checklist.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.