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Authors
Park, Claire Louise https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0175-4480
Vassallo, James https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9783-165X
Cowburn, Philip https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6983-2388
Brayford-Harris, Sean https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9054-1342
Dunne, Bryony Louise https://orcid.org/0009-0006-7877-4606
Moran, Christopher G. https://orcid.org/0009-0006-8886-8884
Smith, Jason Edward https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6143-0421
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Article History
Received: 9 November 2025
Accepted: 27 February 2026
First Online: 23 March 2026
Declarations
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: Consent to partake in the simulation was gained from all patient actors and participating emergency responders. Ethical approval was not required for this trial.
: No actual patient data has been used in this study. Although the cases utilised were based on the author’s combined experience of many patients, non were identifiable or based on any one specific patient and therefore consent was not possible or required.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
