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Article History

Received: 19 December 2025

Accepted: 11 April 2026

First Online: 17 April 2026

Declarations

:

: The project was reviewed by the Regional Committee for Medical and Health Research Ethics (REK Midt) and was deemed health service research not requiring formal approval, in accordance with §§2 and 4 of the Norwegian Health Research Act (reference number 283508). A Data Protection Impact Assessment (DPIA) was conducted to ensure that data handling complied with GDPR regulations. The project was approved both locally by the data protection officers (DPO), and regionally by the Central Norway Regional Health Authority’s emergency medicine network (Helse Midt-Norge RHF, Regionalt Fagledernettverk for Akuttmedisin), without patient consent. All data handling was conducted within the protected infrastructure of Helse-Midt IT (Hemit HF, Trondheim, Norway). Data files were stored temporarily on a restricted, access-controlled server.

: Not applicable.

: The project was funded by the Norwegian Air Ambulance Foundation (SNLA) through the first author’s PhD scholarship. Several co-authors are affiliated with SNLA. One co-author established the EQUIPE quality indicators, and four co-authors serve as HEMS physicians at Trondheim HEMS.