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Article History

Received: 24 January 2025

Accepted: 25 April 2025

First Online: 9 May 2025

Declarations

:

: All data were obtained through a request to the Online Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP) Central Distributor (available at: ), which administers the database (certificate # HCUP-863FXU18I). This study conforms to the NIS data-use agreement with HCUP. Because this study analyzed secondary data from the NIS database, patients and the public were not involved directly. The study protocol was submitted to the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, which exempted the study from IRB approval. Since all data in the NIS database are de-identified, the requirement for informed consent was also waived.

: Not applicable.

: The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.