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Authors
Bernardi, Katerina https://orcid.org/0009-0004-3387-7623
Ortigoza-Escobar, Juan Darío https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6320-2641
Dominguez-Carral, Jana https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7197-7391
Espinoza-Quinteros, Iván https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8017-0058
Mendo, Lorena Diaz https://orcid.org/0009-0002-7659-0601
Koy, Anne https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7991-4432
Thiel, Moritz https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0019-3060
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Universitätsklinikum Köln
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Article History
Received: 25 September 2024
Accepted: 20 October 2025
First Online: 28 October 2025
Declarations
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: Data of Cases 1,3 and 4 were collected in the framework of two studies: “German GNAO1 registry” and “Natural History of GNAO1-associated disorders.” These two trials were approved by the Ethics Committee of the University of Cologne (19-19280 and 21-1579 respectively).
: A written informed consent for publication was obtained from all patient’s parents/legal guardians including the video prior the publication.
: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
