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Article History

Received: 29 March 2021

Accepted: 21 July 2021

First Online: 30 July 2021

Declarations

:

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.

: The following authors declare to have no conflicts of interest: Prof Gianmaria Cammarota, Dr. Teresa Esposito, Dr. Francesco Menzella, Prof Stefano Aliberti, Dr Michele Vitacca, Prof V. Marco Ranieri, Prof Onofrio Resta, Dr Antonio Gidaro, Dr Antonella Potalivo, Dr Giuseppe Nardi, Dr Claudia Brusasco, and Prof Rosanna Vaschetto. Dr. Roberto Cosentini reports personal fees from Fisher & Paykel, outside the submitted work. Prof. Giuseppe Foti declares conference fees from DIMAR. Dr. Andrea Coppadoro has a patent and received consultancy fees from Flowmeter. Prof. Giacomo Grasselli declares personal fees (payment for lectures) from Getinge, Biotest, Draeger Medical, MSD, Fisher&Paykel; travel/accommodation/congress registration support from Biotes and Getinge; unrestricted research grant from Fisher&Paykel, MSD all outside the submitted work. Prof. Giacomo Bellani reports personal fees from Dimar and Intersurgical and is owner of a patent potentially related to this manuscript, personal fees from Draeger, Getinge, Hamilton, GE Healthcare not related to this work. Prof. Maurizio Cecconi reported personal fees from Edwards Lifesciences, Directed Systems, and Cheetah Medical outside the submitted work. Prof. Antonio Pesenti reports personal fees from Maquet, Xenios, Baxter, and Boehringer Ingelheim, outside the submitted work. Dr. Sandro Luigi Di Domenico declares relationship with Menarini group on behalf of Dynamicon education s.r.l. Dr. Tom Lawton is involved in the development of an open-source CPAP device for use in low-income countries under an EPSRC grant (no funding received). Prof. Paolo Navalesi declares to have received: grants, personal fees, and nonfinancial support from Maquet Critical Care; grants and nonfinancial support from Draeger and Intersurgical S.p.A; and personal fees from Oriopharma, Philips, Resmed, MSD, and Novartis, in each case for reasons that remain unrelated to the submitted work. Prof. Navalesi also contributed to the development of the patented ‘helmet Next,’ the royalties for which are paid to Intersurgical Spa. Prof. Navalesi contributed to the development of a device not discussed in the present study with patent application number: EP20170199831. Dr. Simonetta Tesoro received conference fees from MSD. Prof. Edoardo De Robertis received conference fees from MSD and Baxter.