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Article History

Received: 27 June 2022

Accepted: 25 August 2022

First Online: 23 September 2022

Declarations

:

: Capnograms analyzed from the clinical data complied with the Declaration of Helsinki, and the study was approved by the ethics committee of the University Hospital of Clermont-Ferrand, France (IRB no. 5891), with waiver of consent. The cadaver study was approved by the ethics committee of the University of Quebec at Trois-Rivieres (SCELERA-19-01-PR02). The animal study was approved by the ethics committee for animal research Cometh-016 (project 2018062813205311).

: Not applicable.

: AL is Ph.D. student in the Med2Lab partially funded by Air Liquide Medical Systems. DS reports grants from Fisher & Paykel and travel fees from Air Liquide Medical Systems. SD is consultant for Vitalaire Canada INC. FB reports personal fees from Löwenstein Medical, travel fees from Draeger and Air Liquide Medical systems and research support from Covidien, GE Healthcare and Getinge Group, outside this work. NP reports salary for research activities (Med2Lab) from Air Liquide Medical Systems. AB is master student from Telecom Physique Strasbourg University France. AM reports personal fees from Draeger, Faron Pharmaceuticals, Air Liquide Medical Systems, Pfizer, ResMed and Draeger and grants and personal fees from Fisher & Paykel and Covidien, outside this work. LB has received research grants for his research laboratory from Covidien (PAV), Draeger (EIT) and equipment from Fisher & Paykel (high flow), Air Liquide, Sentec (PtcCO₂) and Philips (sleep) and received fees for lectures from Fisher & Paykel. RT reports grants from Air Liquide and grants, shares and personal fees from Orixha, all outside of this work. JCR reports part-time salary for research activities (Med2Lab) from Air Liquide Medical Systems and Vygon and grants from Creative Air Liquide. All other authors declare no competing interests.