Malhotra, Armaan K.
Shakil, Husain
Essa, Ahmad
Mathieu, Francois
Taran, Shaurya
Badhiwala, Jetan
He, Yingshi
Yuan, Eva Y.
Kulkarni, Abhaya V.
Wilson, Jefferson R.
Nathens, Avery B.
Witiw, Christopher D.
Article History
Received: 23 April 2024
Accepted: 6 July 2024
First Online: 18 July 2024
Declarations
:
: The study was approved by the Unity Health Toronto Research Ethics Board. Participant informed consent was waived as the study used de-identified retrospective patient data.
: Not applicable.
: AKM is supported in part by the American College of Surgeons resident research scholarship to perform this research. ABN reported serving as the Medical Director of the American College of Surgeons Trauma Quality Improvement Program. JRW reported personal fees from Stryker Canada outside the submitted work. CDW reported grants from Cerapedics outside the submitted work. There are no other relevant conflicts of interest to report, including financial interests, activities, relationships, and affiliations, for all authors.