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Article History

Received: 21 November 2024

Accepted: 25 February 2025

First Online: 14 March 2025

Declarations

:

: This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (2024P000813), and the requirement for informed consent was waived.

: Not applicable.

: M.S.S. received funding for investigator-initiated studies from Merck & Co., which do not pertain to this manuscript. He is an associate editor for BMC Anesthesiology. He received honoraria for lectures from Fisher & Paykel Healthcare and Mindray Medical International Limited. He received an unrestricted philanthropic grant from Jeffrey and Judith Buzen. E.N.B-K. has received lecturing fees from Hamilton Medical Inc. outside the submitted work and has received a KL2 award from Harvard Catalyst; The Harvard Clinical and Translational Science Center (National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health award No. KL2 TR002542). The funders had no role in the design and conduct of the study, the collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data, the preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript; or the decision to submit the manuscript for publication. All authors declare no conflicts of interest related to this publication.