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Article History

Received: 20 February 2025

Accepted: 31 March 2025

First Online: 23 April 2025

Declarations

:

: The study was conducted according to the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki. It was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin on January 26, 2018 (EA1/006/18), and by the Institutional Review Board of Brandenburg Medical School on October 30, 2018 (Z-01-20180828). Informed consent was given by all patients or their legal representatives.

: Not applicable.

: ERB and JJG declare no competing interests. CDS reports grants from Gemeinsamer Bundesausschuss/Federal Joint Committee (G-BA)—Innovationsfonds/Innovation Fund during the conduct of the study, grants from Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft/German Research Society, grants from Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V. (DLR)/German Aerospace Center, grants from Einstein Stiftung Berlin/Einstein Foundation Berlin, grants from Inneruniversitäre Forschungsförderung/Inner University Grants, grants from Projektträger im DLR/Project Management Agency, grants from Stifterverband/Non-Profit Society promoting Science and Education, grants from European Society of Anethesiology and Intensive Care, grants from BMWI—Federal Ministry of Economic Affairs and Climate Action, personal fees from Georg Thieme Verlag, grants from Dr. F. Köhler Chemie GmbH, grants from Sintetica GmbH, grants from Max-Planck-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Wissenschaften e.V., grants from Stifterverband für die deutsche Wissenschaft e.V./Metronic, grants from Philips ElectronicsNederland BV, grants from BMBF/RKI, grants from BMBF, and grants from The European Commision Horizont Europa, outside the submitted work; in addition, CDS holds the following patents: patent 15753 627.7 issued in Europe (GER;AT;CH;LI;DE;FR;GB;NL) as inventor, US patent PCT/EP 2015/067731 issued as inventor, patent 3 174 588 issued in Europe (GER;CH;LI;DE;FR;NL) as inventor, international patent 10 2014 215 211.9 (licensed), international patent 10 2018 114 364.8 (licensed), international patent 10 2018 110 275.5 (licensed), international patent 50 2015 010 534.8 (licensed), international patent 50 2015 010 347.7 (licensed), and international patent 10 2014 215 212.7 (licensed). CDS has also been part of the data safety monitoring board/advisory board of Prothor, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd., and Lynx Health Science GmbH, and has unpaid roles in the AWMF (Association of the Scientific Medical Societies in Germany), the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (German Research Foundation) review boards, the Deutsche Akademie der Naturforscher Leopoldina e. V.—German National Academy of Sciences—Leopoldina, the Berliner Medizinische Gesellschaft, the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine (ESICM), the European Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Anästhesiologie und Intensivmedizin (German Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, DGAI), the Deutsche Interdisziplinäre Vereinigung für Intensiv- und Notfallmedizin (German Interdisciplinary Association for Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine, DIVI), and the Deutsche Sepsis-Stiftung (German Sepsis Foundation). BW reports grants from Gemeinsamer Bundesausschuss/Federal Joint Committee (G-BA)—Innovationsfonds/Innovation Fund during the conduct of the study, as well as grants from Teladoc Health, the Robert Koch Institute, and from Gemeinsamer Bundesausschuss/Federal Joint Committee (G-BA)—Innovationsfonds/Innovation Fund, outside the submitted work. BW also reports consulting fees from Orion Pharma Ltd. and honoraria from Dr. F. Koehler Chemie and Sedana Medical for lectures. Additionally, BW received financial support for travel and attendance of meetings from Teladoc Health. BW holds unpaid positions in the International Hospital Federation (IHF) Special Interest Group Telemedicine and as Berlin State Chair in the German Society of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine (DGAI). NP reports financial support from Teladoc Health for attending meetings. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, or in the decision to publish the results.