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Article History

Received: 25 March 2025

Accepted: 24 April 2025

First Online: 26 May 2025

Declarations

:

: This manuscript complies with all instructions to the authors, the authorship requirements have been met, and all authors approved the manuscript. This manuscript has not been published elsewhere and is not under consideration by another journal. This manuscript confirms adherence to ethical guidelines and indicates ethical approvals (IRB) and the use of informed consent, as appropriate. This manuscript also confirms the use of a reporting checklist.

: All authors confirmed the consent for publication.

: The authors declare the following competing interests: TB: received a salary from Lungpacer Medical Inc. ER: consultant for Lungpacer Medical Inc. BH: consultant for Lungpacer Medical Inc. SR: co-inventor and received personal fees from Lungpacer Medical Inc., Vancouver, Canada. AD: Medtronic, grants, personal fees and nonfinancial support from Philips, personal fees from Baxter, personal fees from Hamilton, personal fees and non-financial support from Fisher & Paykel, grants from French Ministry of Health, personal fees from Getinge, grants and personal fees from Respinor, grants and nonfinancial support from Lungpacer, outside the submitted work. TS: reports personal fees for consulting and teaching activities from AstraZeneca France, Chiesi France, KPL consulting, Lungpacer Inc., OSO-AI, TEVA France, Vitalaire. He is a stock shareholder of startups Hephaï and Austral Dx. He is listed as inventor on issued patents (WO2008006963A3, WO2012004534A1, WO2013164462A1) describing EEG responses to experimental and clinical dyspnea. MDr: received personal fees from Lungpacer Medical Inc., Vancouver, Canada and was a member of the Clinical Advisory Board of Lungpacer Medical Inc., Vancouver, Canada. MP, JM, and MD declare no competing interests.