Confused with confounders? Understanding the role of directed acyclic graphs in observational research
Crossref DOI link: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13054-025-05562-w
Published Online: 2025-07-15
Update policy: https://doi.org/10.1007/springer_crossmark_policy
Fandino, Wilson
El-Boghdadly, Kariem
Text and Data Mining valid from 2025-07-15
Version of Record valid from 2025-07-15
Article History
Received: 1 July 2025
Accepted: 9 July 2025
First Online: 15 July 2025
Declarations
:
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.