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Authors
Karagiannidis, Christian https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3247-2849
McAuley, Danny F. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3283-1947
Thompson, B. Taylor https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6391-0448
Reimer, Thomas
Shakery, Kaweh
Schmitz, Sebastian
Cortés, Manuel Núñez
Ullrich, Roman https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1405-319X
Meziani, Ferhat https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1005-9095
Mercat, Alain
Chiumello, Davide
Duska, Frantisek https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1559-4078
Combes, Alain https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6030-3957
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Karagiannidis, Christian
McAuley, Danny F.
Thompson, B. Taylor
Reimer, Thomas
Shakery, Kaweh
Schmitz, Sebastian
Cortés, Manuel Núñez
Ullrich, Roman
Meziani, Ferhat
Mercat, Alain
Chiumello, Davide
Duska, Frantisek
Combes, Alain
Krenn, Katharina
Eller, Philipp
Joannidis, Michael
Joannidis, Michael
Koinig, Herbert
Skulec, Roman
Cerny, Vladimir
Berousek, Jan
Pene, Frédéric
Chiche, Jean-Daneil
Papazian, Laurent
Hraiech, Sami
Terzi, Nicolas
Günther, Ulf
Welte, Tobias
Witzenrath, Martin
Weiler, Norbert
Berger, Marc
Grasselli, Giacomo
Roig, Antoni Betbese
de Haro Lopez, Candelaria
Calvo, Ana Ochagavia
Roca, Ricardo Ferrer
Mendiluce, Rafael Mañez
Bewley, Jeremy
Aswani, Andrew
Welters, Ingeborg
Wise, Matthew
Jackson, Robert
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Private Universität Witten/Herdecke gGmbH
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Article History
Received: 21 March 2025
Accepted: 10 August 2025
First Online: 23 October 2025
Declarations
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: Research involving human participants: This study was conducted in accordance with the consensus ethical principles derived from international guidelines including the Declaration of Helsinki and Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences (CIOMS) International Ethical Guidelines, as well as applicable International Council for Harmonisation Good Clinical Practice Guidelines and all applicable laws and regulations. The protocol was approved by Institutional Review Boards or Independent Ethics Committees at each study site.
: Written informed consent was obtained from all capable patients before they were screened for study eligibility. Many of the patients approached for participation had limited decision-making abilities as a result of their critical illness. If a patient was incapable of giving informed consent, consent for study inclusion was sought from authorised representatives according to applicable laws and regulations.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
