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Article History

Received: 3 June 2025

Accepted: 26 August 2025

First Online: 30 September 2025

Declarations

:

: As this is a review, ethical approval & consent are not required/not applicable.

: KB reports funding by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) for BLOCK-aSAH, a trial investigating headache management after aSAH (U01NS124613). She has received honoraria for course directorship and as faculty from the American Academy of Neurology and for medicolegal consulting; she serves as Associate Editor for Neurocritical Care. JC is a minority shareholder at iCE Neurosystems. JC is supported by grant funding from the US National Institutes of Health (NIH; NS106014, NS112760) and the McDonnell Foundation. JJP reports funding from the National Institutes of Health and the Society of Critical Care Medicine. CR received fees for lectures from BD and Integra. SW received fees for lectures from Integra and Raumedic. RH received fees for lectures from BD, Zoll, Integra and Neuroptics and reports funding from the Austrian Science Fund (FWF) and Fresenius Kabi, all outside the submitted work. GC reports institutional research grants from Integra and NeurOptics and received personal fees as a speakers’ bureau member and advisory board member from Integra, NeurOptics, and Natus, all outside the submitted work. He participated in the manuscript preparation during his personal involvement in the Italian Minister of University MUR Dipartimenti di Eccellenza 2023-2027 (l. 232/2016, art. 1, commi 314—337) and in PRIN 2022SYXEH. MDIV is supported by a Clinical Established Investigator grant by the Dutch Heart Foundation (2018T076), and received research support from Bayer BV (investigator-initiated research, IIR-NL-00014, paid to the institution). The other authors declare no competing interests.