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Authors
Kimmoun, Antoine
Girerd, Nicolas
Duarte, Kevin
Bruno, Jolie
Schenk, Jimmy
Levy, Bruno
Baudry, Guillaume
Raasveld, Senta Jorinde
de Bruin, Sanne
Reuland, Merijn C.
van den Oord, Claudia
Schaap, Caroline M.
Bakker, Jan
Cecconi, Maurizio
Feldheiser, Aarne
Meier, Jens
McQuilten, Zoe
Müller, Marcella C. A.
Scheeren, Thomas W. L.
Aubron, Cécile
Flint, Andrew W. J.
Hamid, Tarikul
Piagnerelli, Michaël
Mahečić, Tina Tomić
Benes, Jan
Russell, Lene
Aguirre-Bermeo, Hernan
Triantafyllopoulou, Konstantina
Chantziara, Vasiliki
Gurjar, Mohan
Myatra, Sheila Nainan
Pota, Vincenzo
Elhadi, Muhammed
Gawda, Ryszard
Mourisco, Mafalda
Lance, Marcus
Neskovic, Vojislava
Podbregar, Matej
Llau, Juan V.
Quintana-Diaz, Manual
Cronhjort, Maria
Pfortmueller, Carmen A.
Yapici, Nihan
Nielsen, Nathan
Shah, Akshay
de Grooth, Harm-Jan
Vlaar, Alexander P. J.
Mebazaa, Alexandre
,
Higgins, Alisa
Neto, Ary Serpa
Brady, Karina
Wood, Erica
Poole, Alexis
Trapani, Tony
Young, Meredith
Cooper, Jamie
Secombe, Paul
Reece, Graham
Marella, Prashanti
Brewster, David
Rashid, Alan
Suwandarathne, Ruwan
Azad, Raman
Barrett, Jonathan
Turner, Elisha
Poulter, Amber-Louise
Chen, Lixian
Biradar, Vishwanath
Whitehead, Christina
Peake, Sandra
Tabah, Alexis
O’Connor, Stephanie
Reade, Michael
Janssen, Guido
McAllister, Richard
Triplett, Katherine
Bowen, David
Buscher, Hergen
Santamaria, John
Parmar, Dinesh
Power, Paul
French, Craig
Bowen, David
Partlin, Matthew Mac
Bowen, David
Islam, Md Motiul
Haque, Injamam Ull
Roman, Alain
Haentjens, Lionel
Ikic, Višnja
Kvolik, Slavica
Bojčić, Robert
Juričić, Kazimir
Duksa, Martin
Bílek, Lukáš
Satinsky, Igor
Zatloukal, Jan
Bestle, Morten H.
Meyhoff, Christian S.
Diaz-Medina, Ana Maria
Llumiquinga, Verónica
Aguirre-Bermeo, Hernán
Gonzabay-Campos, Heinert Enmanuel
Elbahnasawy, Mohamed
Chapalain, Xavier
Le Moal, Charlène
Egreteau, Pierre-Yves
Launey, Yoann
Reizine, Florian
Boissier, Florence
Jean, Reignier
Ehrmann, Stephan
Lebas, Eddy
Corno, Gaelle
Cailliez, Pauline
Garçon, Pierre
Carteaux, Guillaume
Theodoulou, Danai
Aloizos, Stavros
Papadakis, Eleftherios
Tsakalis, Konstantinos
Marinakis, Giorgos
Georgakas, Ioannis
Tripolitsioti, Paraskevi
Nikolakopoulou, Sofia
Papathanakos, Georgios
Sklavou, Chrysanthi
Tsika, Evangelia
Mousafiri, Ourania
Prekates, Athanasios
Micha, Georgia
Lavrentieva, Athina
Aslanidis, Theodoros
Palaiologou, Athina
Bostantzoglou, Clementine
Dikoudi, Evangelia
Karaouli, Silia
Pouriki, Sophia
Vijayakumaran, Swapna
Rathod, Darshana
Kola, Venkat Raman
Jeswani, Deepak
Gopalakrishna, Kadarapura Nanjundaiah
Hartalkar, Amol
Mahmoodpoor, Ata
Abdulkhaleq, Marwah
Ippolito, Mariachiara
Cotoia, Antonella
Covotta, Marco
Sanfilippo, Filippo
Ishteiwy, Ehab
Benzarti, Hebtallah
Bouhuwaish, Ahmed Elmabri Mohammed
Abdalhadi, Alya
Buimsaedah, Ahmad
Abdulwahed, Eman Ali
Tamoos, Khalil
Younes, Eman
Alkamkhe, Asma Abubakr Saleh
Biala, Marwa
Hwili, Hajer Abdalla Mohammed
Hasan, Najat Shaban Ben
Almiqlash, Bushray Alhadi
Altair, Mawadda
Otman, Rema
Gharyani, Mohamed Fathi Al
Alkeelani, Omlez Mohammed
Bakeer, Hibah
Affat, Azah Mukhtar Omar
Aween, Husayn
Benamwor, Aihab
Alsori, Mohamed
Abdelrahim, Najwa
Abdelilah, Ghannam
Parke, Rachael
Chen, Yan
Mehrtens, Jan
Twardowski, Pawel
Freebairn, Ross
Song, Rima
Gibson, Charles
Chen, Jonathan
Moore, Richard
Cruz, Mary Rose Sol
Wludarczyk, Anna
Krzych, Łukasz
Szczukocka, Marta
Kubiak, Marcin
Molsa, Maciej
Wujtewicz, Magdalena
Wieczorek, Agnieszka
Misiewska- Kaczur, Agnieszka
Maslicki, Marek
Onichimowski, Dariusz
Mazur, Jakub
Zatorski, Pawel
Mota, Ana Marta
Fernandes, Joana
Castro, Diana
Coelho, Elisabete
Paula, Alexandra
Guimaraes, Teresa
Adrião, Diana
Mark, Igor
Mušič, Elizabeta
Mirković, Tomislav
Markota, Andrej
Krope, Natalija
Kmet, Marko
Forjan, Petra
Savli, Tomaž
Aguilar, Gerardo
González- Celdrán, Rebeca
Martínez- González, Estefanía
Díaz, Agustín
Colomina, María José
Hidalgo, Francisco
Ferrando, Carlos
Ferrandis, Raquel
Ferrer, Carolina
Cegarra, Virginia
Gómez-Luque, Aurelio
Henman, Stina
Blomstrand, Disa
Risberg, Emelie
Johansen, Natalie
Rajala, Henrik
Layous, Natalie
Vlot, Eline A.
Erkamp, Michiel
Juffermans, Nicole
van Wonderen, Stefan
Hesselink, Lidija Kuznecova-Keppel
van Bochove, Victor
Acarel, Murat
Senturk, Evren
Karahan, Mahmut Alp
Firat, Aynur Camkiran
Yildiz, Yahya
Ekinci, Osman
Ozgultekin, Asu
Arikan, Huseyin
Kucukosman, Gamze
Aydin, Bengu Gulhan
Yavuz, Mehmet
Oztas, Alev
Ozturk, Nilgun Kavrut
Kasapoglu, Umut Sabri
Miniksar, Hakan
Tuncay, Eylem
Indelen, Cenk
Ogus, Halide
ErAuthorNameanli, Basar
Sahin, Ayca Sultan
Yilmaz, Mehmet
Sayan, Erken
Yilmaz, Canan
Goksu, Senay
Basaran, Betul
Kutahya, Emine
Gok, Ayfer Kaya
Ozcan, Ayse
Kara, Iskender
Kartal, Seyfi
Saracoglu, Kemal Tolga
Bilir, Yeliz
Eyupoglu, Selin
Oruc, Nigar Ertugrul
Issever, Kubilay
Patel, Jamie
Clarke, Jayson
Ma, Louise
Lawton, Tom
Sloan, Brendan
Kannan, Santhana
Innes, Richard
Carpenter, Mark
Newey, Luke
Alwagih, Hazem
Acott, Chris
Hormis, Anil
Herdman, James
Akrama, Osama
Baumber, Rachel
Khomenko, Olena
Khan, Akram
Hasan, Zubair
Raval, Jay S.
Sutherland, Lauren
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Article History
Received: 26 August 2025
Accepted: 25 October 2025
First Online: 18 December 2025
Declarations
:
: Approval from the institutional review board of the Amsterdam University Medical Center, followed by approval from relevant national and local ethical committees. Informed consent was obtained according to national regulations, either orally or in writing from the patient or legal representative; in some countries, consent was waived due to the noninvasive, observational design.
: Not applicable.
: Dr Cecconi reported receiving personal fees from Edwards Lifesciences, GE Healthcare, and Directed Systems outside the submitted work. Dr Feldheiser reported receiving personal fees from Baxter and Medtronic outside the submitted work. Dr Scheeren reported serving as senior medical director for Edwards Lifesciences (Garching, Germany). Dr McQuilten reported receiving grants from the Australian National Blood Authority and the National Health and Medical Research Council during the conduct of the study. Dr Flint reported receiving grants from the Australian National Blood Authority and Blood Synergy (Monash University) during the conduct of the study. Dr Piagnerelli reported receiving grants from the Centre Fédéral d’Expertise Belge – KCE grant for the COVID-19 study outside the submitted work. Dr Gurjar reported receiving royalties for edited books (Manual of ICU Procedures and Textbook of Ventilation, Fluids, Electrolytes and Blood Gases) from the publisher Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (Pvt) Ltd, New Delhi. Dr Pfortmueller reported receiving grants from Orion Pharma, Abbott Nutrition International, B. Braun Medical AG, CSEM AG, Edwards Lifesciences Services GmbH, Kenta Biotech Ltd, Maquet Critical Care AB, Omnicare Clinical Research AG, Nestlé, Pierre Fabre Pharma AG, Pfizer, Bard Medica SA, Abbott AG, Anandic Medical Systems, PanGas AG Healthcare, Bracco, Hamilton Medical AG, Fresenius Kabi, Getinge Group Maquet AG, Dräger AG, Teleflex Medical GmbH, GlaxoSmithKline, Merck Sharp and Dohme AG, Eli Lilly and Co, Baxter, Boehringer Ingelheim, Aseptuva, Astellas, AstraZeneca, CSL Behring, Novartis, Covidien, and Nycomed outside the submitted work; the funds were paid into departmental funds and no personal financial gain applied. Dr Nielsen reported receiving personal fees from Adrenomed outside the submitted work. Dr Vlaar reported receiving personal fees from a VIDI grant (ZonMW: 0915017). Remaining authors declared no conflict. Dr Mebazaa reported grants from Roche, 4teen4, Sphyngotec, Abbott Diagnostics, Windtree; consulting fees from Roche, Adrenomed, Corteria, Fire-1, and Johnson & Johnson; is co-inventor of a patent (owned by S-Form Pharma) on combined therapies to treat dyspnoea in heart failure; participated on a Data Safety Monitoring Board or Advisory Board for SECRET-HF, sponsored by the French Government, for S-Form, SunWaves, and Implicity; received honorarium for lectures from Merck, Novartis, Roche, and Bayer; and received equipment from Sphyngotec. Dr Kimmoun participated on a Data Safety Monitoring Board or Advisory Board for the LEVOSAH trial and PROCARD trial; and received financial support for attending meetings, travel, or both for the Critical Care Clinical Trialists Workshop 2024 and 2025. Dr Baudry reported reports personal fees from Abbott, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim and Novartis, outside the submitted work. Dr Girerd reported honoraria from AstraZeneca, Bayer, Boehringer, Cardiostory, Lilly, Echosens, NP medical, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Roche diagnostics. Dr Levy reported receiving personal fees from Abiomed, Gettinge, Baxter, Novartis, Sanofi, Amomed, and Orion, outside the submitted work.
: This cohort was registered at the NetherlandsTrial Registry No.NL9049 (Date of registration: November 16, 2020, ).
