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Authors
Dogan, Alan B. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2166-6595
Patel, Neel https://orcid.org/0009-0008-4562-354X
Gottschalk, Carter https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8021-4556
Blankenship, Rae L.
Young, Valerie K.
Wicks, Alfred
Sofi, Umar F.
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Virginia Innovation Partnership Corporation (CCF23-0096-HE)
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Article History
Received: 1 September 2025
Accepted: 4 November 2025
First Online: 27 November 2025
Declarations
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: This study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of Carilion Clinic (IRB #24-813, approval date: December 5, 2024). All participants provided written informed consent prior to participation.
: Written informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study prior to participation. Participants were informed about the study’s purpose, procedures, potential risks, and their right to withdraw at any time without penalty.
: UFS and AW are named inventors on intellectual property related to the FRNDS device, which is currently owned by Carilion Clinic. ABD and UFS are equity holders in Recens Respiratio, a company actively engaged in the development and potential commercialization of the FRNDS device. Other authors declare no conflicts of interest.
