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Article History

Received: 29 September 2025

Accepted: 11 November 2025

First Online: 8 January 2026

Declarations

:

: This observational study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the French Intensive Care Society (CE SRLF 24- 036, IRB N°00014135). Patients were informed of their inclusion in the study and written consent was waived in accordance with French law.

: Not applicable.

: KR received lecture fees from MSD, Shionogi, and a travel grant from Pfizer outside the submitted work. MD has served as a speaker for Fisher and Paykel and Isis Medical. NdP has served as an advisor or speaker for Moderna and AstraZeneca, outside of the submitted work. GV reports research grants from BioMérieux and SOS Oxygene, and support for attending meetings from Oxyvie and SOS oxygène, outside of the submitted work. CR reports having served as a speaker for Pfizer and Tecan, outside of the submitted work. AMD reports grants from Fischer Paykel, Baxter, Philips, Ferring and GSK, personal fees from Air Liquide, Baxter, Amomed, Getingue and Addmedica, outside the submitted work. All other authors declare that they have no competing interests.