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Authors
Maeng, Seung Jin
Park, Subin
Jo, Ik Joon
Lee, Guntak
Hwang, Sung Yeon
Chung, Myung Jin
Kim, Jihyeon
Yoo, Hakje
Yoon, Hee
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National research foundation of Korea (NRF-2022R1C1C1011864)
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Article History
Received: 31 July 2025
Accepted: 15 November 2025
First Online: 28 November 2025
Declarations
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: The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Samsung Medical Center (IRB No. 2022-04-018 and 2022-04-016) and was conducted between May 2022 and May 2024. Written informed consent was obtained from participants or their legal surrogates in Cohort A. In Cohort B, the requirement for informed consent was waived due to the emergent nature of cardiac arrest and the use of de-identified data collected during standard resuscitation procedures. All procedures were performed in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
