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Article History

Received: 11 November 2025

Accepted: 29 December 2025

First Online: 9 January 2026

Declarations

:

: This study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the Ethics Committee of University Hospitals Leuven (protocol number S65588; sub-study approval as stated in the manuscript). Given the retrospective design and use of anonymized clinical data, there was no need for informed consent.

: Not applicable.

: S.F. received travel grants from Pfizer and Gilead, funding for a public doctoral defence from Pfizer, Gilead, and Mundipharma, and has received a speaker’s fee from Healthbook Company Ltd. J.W. also received investigator-initiated grants, travel grants and speakers fees from Pfizer, MSD, and Gilead and has received a speaker’s fee from Mundipharma and Astra Zeneca. J.W. was supported by BOF-ZAP funding of KU Leuven and by the EU Horizon 2020 HDMFUN research project. K.L. received consultancy fees from Mundipharma, speaker fees from Pfizer, Gilead, Mundipharma, and FUJIFILM Wako Chemicals Europe GmbH; a service fee from TECOmedical; a fee for Advisory Board participation from Pfizer; and travel support from Pfizer, Gilead, and AstraZeneca. Y.D. and M.P. received travel grants from Pfizer. J.H. received FWO fundamental research grant (11PBR24N) and travel grants from Gilead. All other authors declare no conflicts of interest.