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Authors
Giani, Marco https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8048-2721
Bombino, Michela
Ravasi, Michela
Fumagalli, Benedetta https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1549-1215
Pozzi, Matteo https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8235-9313
Patroniti, Nicolò Antonino https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3600-193X
Grasselli, Giacomo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1735-1400
Foti, Giuseppe https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8698-2046
Rezoagli, Emanuele https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4506-7212
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Article History
Received: 24 November 2025
Accepted: 17 January 2026
First Online: 2 March 2026
Declarations
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: The prospective data collection for patients admitted to the ICU, and its use for retrospective studies, was approved by the local ethics committee (Comitato Etico Brianza) in July 2016 (Reference No. 714). No additional or study-specific approval was required, as retrospective epidemiological analyses using anonymized administrative or clinical data do not require further committee authorization under local regulations. Informed consent was waived due to the retrospective design of the study and the use of anonymized patient codes.
: Not applicable.
: Giacomo Grasselli reports receiving honoraria for lectures from Getinge, Draeger Medical, Fisher & Paykel, Jafron, Viatris and AOP, as well as research grants from Fisher & Paykel, Estor and Pfizer, all outside the submitted work. All other authors declare no conflicts of interest or financial disclosures.
