Document is current

Article History

Received: 25 November 2025

Accepted: 26 January 2026

First Online: 28 February 2026

Declarations

:

: The protocol for this study was approved by the Research Ethics Board of the University Health Network (22-5815) on the 21 st December 2022 and received Health Canada Investigational Testing Authorization approval on the 20th January 2023.

: Not applicable.

: ECG reports receiving personal fees for consulting from multiple companies involved in phrenic nerve stimulation including Lungpacer Medical, Stimit, and Heecap, as well as consulting for Getinge, Vyaire, Draeger, Baxter, Zoll, and BioAge outside the submitted work. TB, NM, and VT received salary support as employees of Lungpacer Medical USA Inc. CAB received consulting fees from BioAge and Lungpacer, outside the submitted work. NDF reports receiving personal fees for consulting from Baxter, outside the submitted work. ISM received support in the form of a trainee research award from the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, for this work. ACF declares no competing interests. ZZ reports personal consulting fees from Draeger and Clario outside the submitted work.

: Prospective written consent was obtained from eligible participants undergoing elective surgery, and prospective substitute decision-maker consent was obtained on behalf of eligible participants receiving invasive mechanical ventilation to manage acute hypoxemic respiratory failure.