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Authors
Porschen, Christian
Strauß, Christian
Bagshaw, Sean M.
Kellum, John A.
Meuth, Sven G.
Brauckmann, Paul
Nguyen, Ngoc-Anh Thi
Fujarski, Michael
Mahjoory, Keyvan
Schwienhorst, Carla Barbara
Zarbock, Alexander
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Universität Münster
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Article History
Received: 17 November 2025
Accepted: 20 February 2026
First Online: 5 March 2026
Declarations
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: The Reality study has been evaluated and approved by the Ethics Committee of the University of Muenster (2024-500-f-S) in August 2024. Due to the retrospective nature of our study and the use of deidentified research data, the need for informed consent was waived in accordance with our local ethics board and regulatory framework. MIMIC-IV is licensed under the PhysioNet Credentialed Health Data Use Agreement 1.5.0 and prior approval was acquired for our study. Only appropriately trained researchers had access to the data.
: Not applicable.
: AZ has received consulting fees from Astute-Biomerieux, Baxter, Bayer, Novartis, Guard Therapeutics, AM Pharma, Paion, Viatris, Dropshot, Fresenius, research funding from Astute-Biomerieux, Fresenius, Baxter, and speaker fees from Astute-Biomerieux, Fresenius, Baxter, Alexion, and Paion. Although Prof. Zarbock is currently chair of the IZKF, there are no conflicts of interests.
