Document is current

Article History

Received: 12 December 2025

Accepted: 2 March 2026

First Online: 11 March 2026

Declarations

:

: The study was primarily approved by the ethics committee of the University Hospital Greifswald, Germany (BB 035/18; September 12, 2018) and subsequently approved by the ethics committees of all participating hospitals. All participating patients provided written informed consent.

: Consent for publication was obtained as part of written informed consent for study participation.

: MFl is a consultant for Edwards Lifesciences (Irvine, CA, USA) and Vygon (Écouen, France) and has received honoraria for consulting and giving lectures from CNSystems Medizintechnik (Graz, Austria). BJ received institutional restricted research grants from Löwenstein Medical Innovation GmbH & Co. KG (Hamburg, Germany). TA has received honoraria for giving lectures from Anästhesiologie Forschung und Fortbildung e.V. (Cologne, Germany), and CSL Behring (King of Prussia, Pennsylvania, USA). TA has received institutional restricted research grants from Anästhesiologie Forschung und Fortbildung e.V, Corpuls (Kaufering, Germany), Pulsion Medical Systems (Feldkirchen, Germany) and Cytosorbents (Princeton, New Jersey, USA). SR served as a speaker for AOP Health (Ismaning, Germany). BS is a consultant for Edwards Lifesciences (Irvine, CA, USA), Philips North America (Cambridge, MA, USA), GE Healthcare (Chicago, IL, USA), Vygon (Aachen, Germany), Masimo (Neuchâtel, Switzerland), Retia Medical (Valhalla, NY, USA), Maquet Critical Care (Solna, Sweden), Pulsion Medical Systems (Feldkirchen, Germany), Dynocardia (Cambridge, MA, USA), RDS (Strasbourg, France). BS has received institutional restricted research grants from Edwards Lifesciences, Baxter (Deerfield, IL, USA), GE Healthcare, Masimo, Philips Medizin Systeme Böblingen (Böblingen, Germany), CNSystems Medizintechnik (Graz, Austria), Pulsion Medical Systems, Vygon, Retia Medical, Osypka Medical (Berlin, Germany). BS has received honoraria for giving lectures from Edwards Lifesciences, Philips Medizin Systeme Böblingen, Baxter, GE Healthcare, Masimo, CNSystems Medizintechnik, Getinge (Gothenburg, Sweden), Pulsion Medical Systems, Vygon, Ratiopharm (Ulm, Germany). BS is an Editor of the British Journal of Anaesthesia.DAR has received research funding (institutional) from Edwards Lifescienes and Gettinge, and has received speaker honoraria from Edwards Lifesciences, Baxter, Ratiopharm, and Philips.SS, FMG, AZ, KF, CB, MFi, DJ, LKi, and LKr have no conflict of interest to declare.