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Article History

Received: 13 January 2026

Accepted: 4 March 2026

First Online: 24 March 2026

Declarations

:

: Ethics approval has been obtained for each study separately by the respective principle investigators. The AdrenOSS-1 study protocol was approved by the local ethics committees and registered at Clinicaltrials.gov (NCT02393781). Informed consent was obtained from all patients or their lawful representatives. The ALBIOS study protocol and informed-consent process were approved by the ethics committee at each participating institution. The study was registered at Clinicaltrials.gov (NCT00707122). The FROG ICU study has been validated by the ethical committee (Comité de Protection des Personnes – Ile de France IV, IRB n°00003835. Comission d’éthique biomédicale hospitalo-facultaire de l’hôpital de Louvain, IRB n°B403201213352) and registered on Clinicaltrials.gov (NCT01367093). As the ethical committee waived the need for written consent, all patients and/or next of kin were informed and orally consented to participate. The PredARRT-Sep study was approved by the local Ethics Committee of the Medical Faculty of Heidelberg (S-200/2017) and registered at the German Clinical Trials Register (DRKS00012446). Written informed consent was obtained from all participants or their legal representatives.

: Not applicable.

: ML is supported by grant R01-GM151494-01 and R01DK139484-01 from the NIH and received consulting fees from Viatris, Idorsia, Vantive and speaker fees from Vantive and Estor. BA and FU are employed at SphingoTec GmbH, OH has been employed at SphingoTec GmbH, the manufacturer of the sphingotest ® penKid ® assay.