Document is current

Article History

Received: 21 October 2025

Accepted: 23 March 2026

First Online: 29 March 2026

Declarations

:

: Given the nature of the study no individual patient level data was used and no specific ethical approval was obtained.

: Not applicable.

: EF reports personal fees from Aerogen, Baxter, Boehringer Ingelheim, Getinge, Inspira, Mallinckrodt, and Vasomune outside the submitted work. TP reports receiving a research grant from Gilead and speaking fees from Getinge both outside of the submitted work. None of the other authors have any reported competing interests.

: Interim results of this work was previously presented as a poster presentation at the ESICM LIVES conference in October 2021.