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Article History

Received: 24 February 2026

Accepted: 2 April 2026

First Online: 7 April 2026

Declarations

:

: The Fraser Health Research Ethics Board approved the study under waiver of consent (Tri-Council Policy Statement 2 Article 3.7 A), approval number 2024142, given the minimal risk nature of the study and the clinical circumstances at the time of enrollment. A deferred consent process was implemented. Patients with decision-making capacity at the time of enrollment were informed about the study and provided the opportunity to decline participation. For patients who lacked capacity, a temporary substitute decision maker (TSDM), when available at admission, was informed of the study and could decline participation on the patient’s behalf. If a TSDM was not available at the time of enrollment but became available subsequently, they were informed of the study as soon as feasible and were given the opportunity to withdraw the patient from ongoing participation. Patients who regained decision-making capacity during the study were informed of their enrollment at the earliest opportunity and were provided the option to continue or withdraw without consequence.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.