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Authors
Zhu, Haibo
Li, Peirong
Wang, Bing
Fu, Hao
Guo, Yehan
Han, Ziyi
Huang, Shuojing
Xie, Yujie
He, Jun
Zheng, Shixiang
Shen, Xiaopei
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Startup Fund for Scientific Research, Fujian Medical University (2022QH2002)
Startup Fund for Scientific Research, Fujian Medical University (2024QH1009)
Fujian Key Laboratory of Medical Bioinformatics Open Fund (FKLMB-202002)
Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province (2023J01095)
Fujian Science and Technology Innovation Joint Fund Project (2020Y9035)
The Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province (2023J01321)
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Article History
Received: 15 January 2026
Accepted: 29 April 2026
First Online: 6 May 2026
Declarations
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: The use of MIMIC-IV, eICU-CRD, and AmsterdamUMCdb databases was approved by the respective institutional review boards with waivers of informed consent, as all data are deidentified and publicly available for research purposes. Access to MIMIC-IV and eICU-CRD was granted upon completion of human research ethics training and signing of a data use agreement with PhysioNet (certification number 38539898). Access to AmsterdamUMCdb was obtained in accordance with the data access requirements of Amsterdam University Medical Centers. According to the original database publication, the Regional Medical Ethics Committee determined that the creation of AmsterdamUMCdb was not subject to formal ethical review; therefore, no study-specific ethical approval number is available. This study followed the STROBE reporting guideline.
: Not applicable. This study used deidentified retrospective data from publicly available databases and does not contain any individual person’s data in any form.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
