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Article History

Received: 23 February 2026

Accepted: 1 May 2026

First Online: 20 May 2026

Declarations

:

: Experimental Data : The Ethics Committee for Experimental Studies approved the study (No. 1434/2020, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo). All procedures were performed in accordance with national laws regarding the use of animals for research. Patient Data : All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. The approvals by the ethical committees are the following: Acute hypoxemic respiratory failure patients: (1) CAAE 90728718.7.0000.0068 / Decision Number 3.690.968; (2) CAAE: 15026419.1.0000.0068 / SDC 4843/19/062; (3) Multicenter prospective physiological study NCT04460859 / approved by each center’s research ethics board; (4) Study approved by the Mass General Brigham Institutional Review Board (Protocol number #2020P003196). CTEPH patients: CAAE 78916224.4.0000.0068 / Decision Number 6.819.396.

: Not applicable.

: MAMN is an employee as a clinical research coordinator for Timpel S.A.GCA: Consulting fees for Timpel S.A.JBB: Consulting fees for Timpel Medical B.V.ELVC: Consulting fees for Timpel S.A.MBPA is a minority shareholder in Timpel S.A.I declare that all the other authors have no competing interests.