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Authors
Olakorede, Ihsane https://orcid.org/0009-0009-8283-305X
Bögli, Stefan Yu https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5386-0811
Czosnyka, Marek
Smielewski, Peter
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
University of Zurich
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Article History
Received: 18 June 2026
Accepted: 15 July 2026
First Online: 4 August 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: Patient data were extracted from the Brain Physics database, approved by the Yorkshire & The Humber – Leeds East Research Ethics Committee (REC 23/YH/0085; IRAS ID: 320219) in April 2023. Multimodality monitoring was undertaken as part of routine clinical practice, and transcranial Doppler assessments were performed within a prospective clinical audit (Clinical Project ID4201 – TCD-based assessment of intracranial hemodynamics in patients admitted to NCCU). The requirement for informed consent was waived by the local ethics authorities. All procedures were carried out in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and relevant local regulations.
Consent for publication: Not applicable.
Competing interests: Marek Czosnyka and Peter Smielewski receive part of the licensing fees for ICM+ software, licensed by Cambridge Enterprise Ltd., University of Cambridge, Cambridge. Marek Czosnyka holds the position of senior scientific advisor for Brain4Care and holds Brain4Care share options. The other authors declare no financial or nonfinancial conflicts of interest.
