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Article History

Received: 2 July 2026

Accepted: 23 August 2026

First Online: 26 August 2026

Declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate: Not applicable.

Consent for publication: Not applicable.

Competing interests: SJS received grants and non-financial support from Reactive Robotics GmbH (Munich, Germany), ASP GmbH (Attendorn, Germany), STIMIT AG (Biel, Switzerland), ESICM (Geneva, Switzerland), as well as grants, personal fees, and non-financial support from Fresenius Kabi Deutschland GmbH (Bad Homburg, Germany), grants from the Innovations fond of the Federal Joint Committee (G-BA) and EU / European Commission, personal fees from Springer Verlag GmbH (Vienna, Austria) for educational purposes, and Advanz Pharma GmbH (Bielefeld, Germany), non-financial support from national and international societies (and their congress organisers) in the fields of anaesthesiology and intensive care medicine, outside the submitted work. Dr. Schaller holds small amounts of stock in Alphabet Inc., Ascendis Pharma Inc., Bayer AG, and Siemens AG; these holdings have not influenced any decisions regarding his research or this study. SJS reports that he is an associate editor of ICM and that he has not participated in the review or decision-making process for the current manuscript. CS has received honorarium as a consultant and speaker from BBRAUN, Fresenius Kabi, Nutricia, and Nestlé in the past. CS receives partial funding for an investigator-initiated study unrelated to this topic from Fresenius Kabi. MO received research funding from Biomerieux and Baxter (paid to the institution). All other authors declare that they have no competing interests.