Lei, Rong
Ye, Chongchong
Yue, Chaofu
Yan, Qinyong
Wang, Xueyan
Ma, Qingsong
Hu, Caimei
Yue, Feng
Yang, Mei
Funding for this research was provided by:
Yunnan Province Longyun Expert Workstation (202305AF150090)
National Key Clinical Specialty Construction Project
Article History
Received: 23 August 2026
Accepted: 26 August 2026
First Online: 7 September 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: MIMIC-IV and MIMIC-IV-ECHO contain deidentified clinical data. Their establishment and use were approved by the institutional review boards of Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, with the requirement for individual informed consent waived. This study was a secondary analysis of deidentified data and involved no direct patient contact or intervention.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.