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Article History

Received: 4 March 2025

Accepted: 9 June 2025

First Online: 19 August 2025

Declarations

:

: This study was approved by each research site’s institutional review board or independent ethics committee and performed in accordance with the principles of the World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki. Informed consent was obtained from participants prior to study enrollment.

: Not applicable.

: Data from this manuscript have been presented, in part, at the American Society of Clinical Oncology Annual Meeting; Chicago, IL, USA; May 31-June 4, 2024.

: EH: reports research funding (all payments to institution): AbbVie, Acerta Pharma, Accutar Biotechnology, ADC Therapeutics, AKESOBIO Australia, Amgen, Aravive, ArQule, Artios, Arvinas, AstraZeneca, AtlasMedx, BeiGene, Black Diamond, Bliss BioPharmaceuticals, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Cascadian Therapeutics, Clovis, Compugen, Context Therapeutics, Cullinan, Curis, CytomX, Daiichi Sankyo, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Dantari, Deciphera, Duality Biologics, eFFECTOR Therapeutics, Eisai, Ellipses Pharma, Elucida Oncology, EMD Serono, Fochon Pharmaceuticals, FujiFilm, G1 Therapeutics, Gilead Sciences, H3 Biomedicine, Harpoon, Hutchinson MediPharma, Immunogen, Immunomedics, Incyte, Infinity Pharmaceuticals, Inspirna, InventisBio, Jacobio, Karyopharm, K-Group Beta, Kind Pharmaceuticals, Leap Therapeutics, Lilly, Loxo Oncology, Lycera, Mabspace Biosciences, Macrogenics, MedImmune, Mersana, Merus, Millennium, Molecular Templates, Myriad Genetic Laboratories, Novartis, Nucana, Olema, OncoMed, Oncothyreon, ORIC Pharmaceuticals, Orinove, Orum Therapeutics, Pfizer, PharmaMar, Pieris Pharmaceuticals, Pionyr Immunotherapeutics, Plexxikon, Prelude Therapeutics, Profound Bio, Radius Health, Regeneron, Relay Therapeutics, Repertoire Immune Medicine, Rgenix, Roche/Genentech, SeaGen, Sermonix Pharmaceuticals, Shattuck Labs, Silverback Therapeutics, StemCentRx, Stemline Therapeutics, Sutro, Syndax, Syros, Taiho, TapImmune, Tesaro, Tolmar, Torque Therapeutics, Treadwell Therapeutics, Verastem, Zenith Epigenetics, Zymeworks; consulting/advisory role (all payments to institution): Accutar Biotechnology, Arvinas, AstraZeneca, Circle Pharma, Daiichi Sankyo, Entos, Gilead Sciences, IQVIA, Janssen, Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Jefferies LLC, Johnson and Johnson, Lilly, Medical Pharma Services, Mersana Therapeutics, Olema Pharmaceuticals, Pfizer, Roche/Genentech, Shorla Pharma, Stemline Therapeutics, Tempus Labs, Theratechnologies, Tubulis, Zentalis Pharmaceuticals. TP: reports consulting or advisory roles with AstraZeneca, AstraZeneca, Carrick Therapeutics, Daiichi Sankyo/AstraZeneca, DualityBio, Gilead Sciences, Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Kestrel Therapeutics, Merck, Novartis, Pfizer, Scorpion Therapeutics, Seagen, Sermonix Pharmaceuticals, Stemline Therapeutics; speakers’ bureau roles with AstraZeneca, Gilead Sciences, SeaGen, Stemline Therapeutics; research funding from Arvinas, AstraZeneca/Daiichi Sankyo, Dantari, G1 Therapeutics, H3 Biomedicine, HiberCell, Novartis, Novartis, Olema Pharmaceuticals, Orinove, Pfizer, Sanofi, Scorpion Therapeutics, Seagen, Zymeworks. JSW: reports consulting or advisory roles with Fusion Pharmaceuticals, Kanaph Therapeutics; speakers’ bureaus roles with AstraZeneca, Eisai; research funding from Accutar Biotech, Adagene, Agenus, Allorion Therapeutics, Artios, Astellas Pharma, AstraZeneca, Bayer Health, BeiGene, Bicycle Therapeutics, BioNTech, Biostar, BioTheryX, Blueprint Medicines, BMS GmbH & Co. KG, Boehringer Ingelheim, C4 Therapeutics, Celgene, Centessa Pharmaceuticals, Coherus Biosciences, Compugen, Cullinan Oncology, cyteir, Daiichi Sankyo, Ellipses Pharma, Erasca, Inc, Forty Seven, Genentech/Roche, Georgiamune, GlaxoSmithKline, H3 Biomedicine, Hotspot Therapeutics, IgM Biosciences, Immune-Onc Therapeutics, Immunitas, Immunogen, Janssen Research & Development, Jazz Pharmaceuticals (Inst); Kineta (Inst); Klus Pharma (Inst); Kura Oncology, Kymab, Loxo, LSK BioPharma, MabSpace Biosciences, Macrogenics, Medikine, Merck, Mersana, Moderna Therapeutics, NGM Biopharmaceuticals, Nurix, Olema Oncology, Phoenix Pharmaceuticals, Prelude Therapeutics, PureTech, Pyxis, QiLu Pharmaceutical, Relay Therapeutics, Revolution Medicine, Ribon Therapeutics, Sanofi, Seven and Eight Biopharmaceuticals, Step Pharma, Syndax, Tango Therapeutics, TeneoBio, Treadwell Therapeutics, Vividion Therapeutics, Xencor, Zymeworks. AM: reports consulting or advisory roles with Eisai, Lilly, Seagen; research funding from Dantari Pharmaceuticals, Eisai, Eisai, F. Hoffmann LaRoche, Freenome, Genentech/Roche, Lilly, Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., Merrimack, Millenium Pharmaceuticals, Molecular Templates, Novartis, Pfizer, Seagen, Suzhou Zanrong Pharma, Tempus; other relationship with Taiho Pharmaceutical; uncompensated relationship with Puma Biotechnology. SJ: reports receiving honoraria from AstraZeneca, Lilly, Pfizer; consulting or advisory roles with Genzyme, Lilly, Pfizer, Puma Biotechnology; research funding from Pfizer; expert testimony with Novartis. ECD: reports consulting or advisory roles with Novartis, Sanofi; research funding from Boehringer Ingelheim, G1 Therapeutics, H3 Biomedicine, Meryx Pharmaceuticals, Pfizer. CV: reports employment from Flatiron Health (wife); honoraria from Cardinal Health, Daiichi Sankyo/AstraZeneca, Daiichi Sankyo/AstraZeneca, Gilead Sciences, Guidepoint Global, Novartis, Pfizer, Seagen; consulting or advisory roles with AstraZeneca, Daiichi Sankyo, Gilead Sciences; research funding from AstraZeneca, AstraZeneca/Daiichi Sankyo, Genentech, H3 Biomedicine, Incyte, Innocrin Pharma, Novartis, Pfizer, Pharmacyclics, Roche, Seagen, TRACON Pharma, Zymeworks; other relationship with Daiichi Sankyo, Puma Biotechnology, Takeda; uncompensated relationships with Genentech. AA: reports stock and other ownership interests with AstraZeneca; consulting and advisory roles with Gilead Sciences, MSD, Roche; research funding from AstraZeneca/MedImmune; travel, accommodations, and expenses from Gilead Science, MSD Oncology, Novartis, Roche; other relationships with Gilead Sciences. PM: reports leadership with Alessa Therapeutics; stock and other ownership interests with Alessa Therapeutics, AtlasMedx, Hap10; OnKure, Parthenon Therapeutics, RasCal; honoraria from JNJ, Olema Pharmaceuticals, Parthenon Therapeutics; consulting or advisory roles with Alessa Therapeutics, AtlasMedx, Olema Pharmaceuticals, RasCal; research funding from Actuate Therapeutics, Amgen, Arch Oncology, Arvinas, Arvinas, Bliss Biopharmaceutical, Blueprint Medicines, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Cyteir; Deciphera, Genentech/Roche, GlaxoSmithKline, H3 Biomedicine, IgM Biosciences, Immune Design, InventisBio, Merck, Novartis, ORIC Pharmaceuticals, Pfizer, PMV Pharma, Relay Therapeutics, Revolution Medicines, Sanofi, Seagen, Skorpion, Tempest Therapeutics, Xencor, Xynomic Pharma; a UCSF patent on using silastic implants to deliver anticancer agents. NU: reports honoraria from M3; consulting or advisory roles with bioTheranostics, Pfizer. GSW: reports receiving research funding from AbbVie, AstraZeneca, Daiichi Sankyo/AstraZeneca, Eisai/H3 Biomedicine, G1 Therapeutics, Genentech, Gilead Sciences, Hutchison MediPharma, Innocrin Pharma, Lilly, Macrogenics, NanoString Technologies, Novartis, Odonate Therapeutics, Oncothyreon, Pfizer, Roche, Seagen, Taiho Pharmaceutical. FK: has nothing to declare. TS: reports employment and stock ownership with Eisai. YR: reports employment from Eisai. KY: reports employment from Eisai. DJ: reports stock and other ownership interests with PIC Therapeutics, Relay Therapeutics, Vibliome Therapeutics; consulting or advisory roles with AstraZeneca, Eisai, Genentech, Lilly, MapKure, Novartis; Pfizer, PIC Therapeutics, Relay Therapeutics, Vibliome Therapeutics; research funding from Amgen, Arvinas, AstraZeneca, Blueprint Medicines, Eisai, Genentech, Infinity Pharmaceuticals, InventisBio, Novartis, Pfizer, Ribon Therapeutics, Scorpion Therapeutics, Syros Pharmaceuticals, Takeda.