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Article History

Received: 17 September 2025

Accepted: 1 December 2025

First Online: 10 December 2025

Declarations

:

: All procedures were conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional review board and the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the National Institute of Oncology, Gliwice, Poland (Approval No. KB/430-50/23). The requirement for informed consent was waived due to the retrospective nature of the study and the absence of personally identifiable data.

: Consent for publication was not required, as this retrospective study contains no individual person’s data in any form (including images, videos, or other identifying details.

: Marcin Kubeczko declares advisory board for Novartis; speaker’s honoraria from Novartis, Roche, MSD, Pfizer, Lilly, Teva, Amgen, Swixx Biopharma, Gilead, and AstraZeneca; clinical trials for Roche, MSD, Novartis, Seagen, and Gilead; conference fees for Pfizer, Roche, Novartis, Teva, Amgen, Gilead, MSD, Swixx Biopharma, and AstraZeneca; all outside the submitted work. Daria Handkiewicz-Junak declares speaker’s honoraria from Ipsen, Novartis, Sanofi; consultant for Novartis; travel grants from Ipsen, Novartis, Sanofi; all outside the submitted work. Anna Polakiewicz-Gilowska declares conferences fees for Pfizer, Novartis, Gilead, AstraZeneca, Seagen, MSD; clinical trials for Roche, MSD, Novartis, Seagen, Gilead; speaker’s honorarium: Pfizer, Novartis, Gilead; AstraZeneca, Lilly, MSD; all outside the submitted work. KS declares conferences fees: Novartis, clinical studies: Roche, MSD, Novartis; speaker’s honorarium: Novartis; all outside the submitted work. Katarzyna Świderska declares conferences fees: Novartis, clinical studies: Roche, MSD, Novartis; speaker’s honorarium: Novartis; all outside the submitted work. Aleksandra Leśniak declares conferences fees: Accord, Novartis, clinical studies: Roche, MSD, Novartis; speaker’s honorarium: Novartis; all outside the submitted work.Marta Mianowska-Malec declares conferences fees: Pfizer, Roche, Novartis, Teva, Amgen; clinical studies: Roche, MSD, Novartis; speaker’s honorarium: Novartis, Pfizer; all outside the submitted work. Barbaraba Łanoszka declares conferences fees: Pfizer, Roche, Novartis, Teva, Amgen, MSD; clinical studies: Roche, MSD, Novartis; speaker’s honorarium: Novartis, Komtur Care; all outside the submitted work.Natalya Lisovska declares clinical trials for Roche, MSD, Seagen, and Gilead; all outside the submitted work.Aleix Prat reports advisory and consulting fees from AstraZeneca, Roche, Pfizer, Novartis, Daiichi Sankyo, Ona Therapeutics, and Peptomyc, lecture fees from AstraZeneca, Roche, Novartis, and Daiichi Sankyo, institutional financial interests from AstraZeneca, Novartis, Roche, and Daiichi Sankyo; stockholder and employee of Reveal Genomics; patents filed PCT/EP2016/080056, PCT/EP2022/086493, PCT/EP2023/060810, EP23382703, and EP23383369; editor of NPJ Breast Cancer journal. Michal Jarzab declares conference fees for Gilead, Roche; clinical trials for Roche, MSD, Novartis, Seagen, and Gilead; speaker’s honoraria from Novartis, Roche, Lilly, Pfizer, Teva, Exact Sciences, Mammotome, and Gilead; advisory boards for Novartis and Pfizer; all outside the submitted work. The remaining authors declare no competing interests.