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Authors
Troisi, R.
Falk, R. T.
Surcel, H. M.
Kauppila, S.
Mirtti, T.
Gissler, M.
Sampson, J.
Xu, X.
Fan, S.
Gierach, G. L.
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Cancer Institute
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Article History
Received: 3 November 2025
Accepted: 12 December 2025
First Online: 16 January 2026
Declarations
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: The linkage of the FMC data with the Finnish health registers was approved by the data protection authorities at the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (Dnro THL/729/5.05.00/2017). The study design and ethics were approved by the Scientific Committee of Biobank Borealis of Northern Finland (BB_2018_2015), University of Oulu, Finland. Data handling was performed according to the Finnish data protection legislation and the rules of the Finnish Institute of Health and Welfare. Because the data concerning the offspring (probands and controls) were completely register-based, personal informed consent was not required. The authors had no access to personal identification data, only pseudonymized data were analyzed. An exemption from Institutional Review Board review was obtained from the Office of Human Subjects Research at the NIH.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
