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Authors
Ekström, Karin https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7808-4572
Riaz, Nazia
Larsson, Karolina
Nemeth, Afrodite
Crescitelli, Rossella
Linderholm, Barbro
Olofsson Bagge, Roger
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
University of Gothenburg
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Article History
Received: 24 July 2025
Accepted: 18 December 2025
First Online: 9 January 2026
Declarations
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: The study protocol was approved by the regional ethical review board in Gothenburg (Dnr 221–17). Written informed consent was obtained from each participant in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and with the principles of good clinical practice.
: Not applicable.
: RC has developed multiple EV-associated patents for putative clinical utilization. RC owns equity in Exocure Bioscience Inc. The authors declare that they have no competing interests, except for RC as stated above.
: During the preparation of this work, the authors used ChatGPT (OpenAI, GPT-4) to assist with improving language clarity, grammar, and scientific expression. The authors reviewed and edited all AI-generated content and accept full responsibility for the published material.
