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Authors
Sun, Liwei
Wang, Zhengtong
Zhang, Weizhi
Yang, Yunfei
Nie, Pei
Xu, Wenjian
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Taishan Scholar Foundation of Shandong Province (tsqn202408392)
the Natural Science Foundation of Qingdao City (25-1-1-238-zyyd-jch)
the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81671658)
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Article History
Received: 6 January 2026
Accepted: 13 April 2026
First Online: 7 May 2026
Declarations
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: This retrospective study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University (Approval No. QYFY WZLL30582). All data were collected and analyzed anonymously. Given the retrospective design and de-identification of patient data, the requirement for informed consent was waived by the ethics committee.
: Not applicable as the manuscript does not contain any individual person’s data in any form.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
