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Article History

Received: 30 April 2026

Accepted: 4 August 2026

First Online: 13 August 2026

Declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate: All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the Research Ethics Committee at Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.

Consent for publication: Not applicable.

Competing interests: B. Acs declares receiving honoraria from Pfizer, Need.AI, Daiichi Sankyo, AstraZeneca. JH has obtained speaker’s honoraria or advisory board remunerations from Gilead, Novartis, Pfizer, EliLilly, MSD, AstraZeneca, Sakura, Hologic and has received institutional research support from MSD and AstraZeneca. JH is co-founder and shareholder of Stratipath AB. P. Karlsson reports on advisory role/lectures: Astrazeneca, Lilly, Novartis, MSD, Roche, Pfizer, contracts regarding biomarkers: Prelude Dx, Exact Sciences. IF has received institutional research grants from MSD for research projects performed under the Master Collaboration Agreement between MSD and Karolinska Institutet, unrelated to this work. Theodoros Foukakis: invited Speaker, Payment to Institution: Roche, Astra Zeneca, Gilead Sciences, Novartis, Daiichi Sankyo, Bristol Myers Squibb; royalties, personal: Wolters Kluwer (authorship of two chapters in UpToDate); clinical trial support to Institution: Astra Zeneca, Coordinating PI (research grant and study drug), Novartis, Coordinating PI (research grant and study drug), Veracyte, Coordinating PI (discount on the ProsignaPAM50 assay in ARIADNE clinical trial). Antonis Valachis has received institutional unrestricted research grant from Roche and MSD unrelated to the current work and institutional payment for lectures from Daiichi-Sankyo, Pfizer, Novartis, MSD, AstraZeneca.