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Authors
Rajabli, Farid
Benchek, Penelope
Tosto, Giuseppe
Kushch, Nicholas
Sha, Jin
Bazemore, Katrina
Zhu, Congcong
Lee, Wan-Ping
Haut, Jacob
Hamilton-Nelson, Kara L.
Wheeler, Nicholas R.
Zhao, Yi
Farrell, John J.
Grunin, Michelle A.
Leung, Yuk Yee
Kuksa, Pavel P.
Li, Donghe
da Fonseca, Eder Lucio
Mez, Jesse B.
Palmer, Ellen L.
Pillai, Jagan
Sherva, Richard M.
Song, Yeunjoo E.
Zhang, Xiaoling
Ikeuchi, Takeshi
Iqbal, Taha
Pathak, Omkar
Valladares, Otto
Reyes-Dumeyer, Dolly
Kuzma, Amanda B.
Abner, Erin
Adams, Larry D.
Adams, Perrie M.
Aguirre, Alyssa
Albert, Marilyn S.
Albin, Roger L.
Allen, Mariet
Alvarez, Lisa
Apostolova, Liana G.
Arnold, Steven E.
Asthana, Sanjay
Atwood, Craig S.
Auerbach, Sanford
Ayres, Gayle
Baldwin, Clinton T.
Barber, Robert C.
Barnes, Lisa L.
Barral, Sandra
Beach, Thomas G.
Becker, James T.
Beecham, Gary W.
Beekly, Duane
Benitez, Bruno A.
Bennett, David
Bertelson, John
Bird, Thomas D.
Blacker, Deborah
Boeve, Bradley F.
Bowen, James D.
Boxer, Adam
Brewer, James
Burke, James R.
Burns, Jeffrey M.
Buxbaum, Joseph D.
Cairns, Nigel J.
Cantwell, Laura B.
Cao, Chuanhai
Carlson, Christopher S.
Carlsson, Cynthia M.
Carney, Regina M.
Carrasquillo, Minerva M.
Chasse, Scott
Chesselet, Marie-Francoise
Chin, Nathaniel A.
Chui, Helena C.
Chung, Jaeyoon
Craft, Suzanne
Crane, Paul K.
Cribbs, David H.
Crocco, Elizabeth A.
Cruchaga, Carlos
Cuccaro, Michael L.
Cullum, Munro
Darby, Eveleen
Davis, Barbara
De Jager, Philip L.
DeCarli, Charles
DeToledo, John
Dick, Malcolm
Dickson, Dennis W.
Dombroski, Beth A.
Doody, Rachelle S.
Duara, Ranjan
Ertekin-Taner, NIlüfer
Evans, Denis A.
Faber, Kelley M.
Fairchild, Thomas J.
Fallon, Kenneth B.
Fardo, David W.
Farlow, Martin R.
Fernandez-Hernandez, Victoria
Ferris, Steven
Friedland, Robert P.
Foroud, Tatiana M.
Frosch, Matthew P.
Fulton-Howard, Brian
Galasko, Douglas R.
Gamboa, Adriana
Gearing, Marla
Geschwind, Daniel H.
Ghetti, Bernardino
Gilbert, John R.
Go, Rodney C.P.
Goate, Alison M.
Grabowski, Thomas J.
Graff-Radford, Neill R.
Green, Robert C.
Growdon, John H.
Hakonarson, Hakon
Hall, James
Hamilton, Ronald L.
Harari, Oscar
Hardy, John
Harrell, Lindy E.
Head, Elizabeth
Henderson, Victor W.
Hernandez, Michelle
Hohman, Timothy
Honig, Lawrence S.
Huebinger, Ryan M.
Huentelman, Matthew J.
Hulette, Christine M.
Hyman, Bradley T.
Hynan, Linda S.
Ibanez, Laura
Jarvik, Gail P.
Jayadev, Suman
Jin, Lee-Way
Johnson, Kim
Johnson, Leigh
Kamboh, M. Ilyas
Karydas, Anna M.
Katz, Mindy J.
Kauwe, John S.
Kaye, Jeffrey A.
Keene, C. Dirk
Khaleeq, Aisha
Kikuchi, Masataka
Kim, Ronald
Knebl, Janice
Kowall, Neil W.
Kramer, Joel H.
Kukull, Walter A.
LaFerla, Frank M.
Lah, James J.
Larson, Eric B.
Lerner, Alan
Leverenz, James B.
Levey, Allan I.
Lieberman, Andrew P.
Lipton, Richard B.
Logue, Mark
Lopez, Oscar L.
Lunetta, Kathryn L.
Lyketsos, Constantine G.
Mains, Douglas
Margaret, Flanagan E.
Marson, Daniel C.
Martin, Eden RR.
Martiniuk, Frank
Mash, Deborah C.
Masliah, Eliezer
Massman, Paul
Masurkar, Arjun
McCormick, Wayne C.
McCurry, Susan M.
McDavid, Andrew N.
McDonough, Stefan
McKee, Ann C.
Mesulam, Marsel
Miller, Bruce L.
Miller, Carol A.
Miller, Joshua W.
Montine, Thomas J.
Monuki, Edwin S.
Morris, John C.
Mukherjee, Shubhabrata
Myers, Amanda J.
Nguyen, Trung
Obisesan, Thomas
O’Bryant, Sid
Olichney, John M.
Ory, Marcia
Palmer, Raymond
Parisi, Joseph E.
Paulson, Henry L.
Pavlik, Valory
Paydarfar, David
Perez, Victoria
Peskind, Elaine
Petersen, Ronald C.
Petrovitch, Helen
Pierce, Aimee
Polk, Marsha
Poon, Wayne W.
Potter, Huntington
Qu, Liming
Quiceno, Mary
Quinn, Joseph F.
Raj, Ashok
Raskind, Murray
Reiman, Eric M.
Reisberg, Barry
Reisch, Joan S.
Ringman, John M.
Roberson, Erik D.
Rodriguear, Monica
Rogaeva, Ekaterina
Rosen, Howard J.
Rosenberg, Roger N.
Royall, Donald R.
Sabbagh, Marwan
Sadovnick, A. Dessa
Sager, Mark A.
Sano, Mary
Saykin, Andrew J.
Schneider, Julie A.
Schneider, Lon S.
Seeley, William W.
Slifer, Susan H.
Small, Scott
Smith, Amanda G.
Smith, Janet P.
Sonnen, Joshua A.
Spina, Salvatore
George-Hyslop, Peter St
Starks, Takiyah D.
Stern, Robert A.
Stevens, Alan B.
Strittmatter, Stephen M.
Sultzer, David
Swerdlow, Russell H.
Tanzi, Rudolph E.
Tilson, Jeffrey L.
Trojanowski, John Q.
Troncoso, Juan C.
Tsolaki, Magda
Tsuang, Debby W.
Van Deerlin, Vivianna M.
van Eldik, Linda J.
Vance, Jeffery M.
Vardarajan, Badri N.
Vassar, Robert
Vinters, Harry V.
Vonsattel, Jean-Paul
Weintraub, Sandra
Welsh-Bohmer, Kathleen A.
Whitehead, Patrice L.
Wijsman, Ellen M.
Wilhelmsen, Kirk C.
Williams, Benjamin
Williamson, Jennifer
Wilms, Henrik
Wingo, Thomas S.
Wisniewski, Thomas
Woltjer, Randall L.
Woon, Martin
Wright, Clinton B.
Wu, Chuang-Kuo
Younkin, Steven G.
Yu, Chang-En
Yu, Lei
Zhu, Xiongwei
Kunkle, Brian W.
Bush, William S.
Miyashita, Akinori
Byrd, Goldie S.
Wang, Li-San
Farrer, Lindsay A.
Haines, Jonathan L.
Mayeux, Richard
Pericak-Vance, Margaret A.
Schellenberg, Gerard D.
Jun, Gyungah R.
Reitz, Christiane
Naj, Adam C.
,
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Institute on Aging (U01 AG032984)
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Article History
Received: 24 April 2024
Accepted: 28 March 2025
First Online: 17 July 2025
Declarations
:
: For our IRB to compile the de-identified data and conduct analyses, the ADGC protocol is reviewed and approved by the University of Pennsylvania IRB #8 (Federalwide Assurance #00004028).
: Not applicable.
: J.A.P. has received compensation for serving as a section editor for Springer Nature and a grant reviewer with the Department of Defense and Research Grants Council of Hong Kong. M.S.A. is an advisor to Eli Lilly. L.G.A. receives compensation as a consultant for Biogen, Two Labs, IQVIA, NIH, Florida Department of Health, NIH Biobank, Eli Lilly, GE Healthcare, and Eisai; has received compensation for lectures, etc. from AAN, MillerMed, AiSM, and Health and Hospitality; and has received travel and meeting support from the Alzheimer’s Association; she also participates on Data Safety Monitoring or Advisory boards for IQVIA, NIA R01 AG061111, the UAB Nathan Shock Center, and the New Mexico Exploratory ADRC; she has received compensation for leadership roles in the Medical Science Council Alzheimer Association Greater IN Chapter, the Alzheimer Association Science Program Committee, and the FDA PCNS Advisory Committee; she also has stock or stock options Cassava Neurosciences and Golden Seeds; and has received materials support from AVID Pharmaceuticals, Life Molecular Imaging, and Roche Diagnostics. S.E.A. has received honoraria and/or travel expenses for lectures from Abbvie, Eisai, and Biogen and has served on scientific advisory boards of Corte, has received consulting fees from Athira, Cassava, Cognito Therapeutics, EIP Pharma and Orthogonal Neuroscience, and has received research grant support from NIH, Alzheimer’s Association, Alzheimer’s Drug Discovery Foundation, Abbvie, Amylyx, EIP Pharma, Merck, Janssen/Johnson & Johnson, Novartis, and vTv. S.Asthana reported receiving grants from National Institute on Aging/National Institutes of Health, Genentech, Merck, Toyoma Chemical, and Lundbeck outside the submitted work. L.L.B. has served as deputy editor for Alzheimer’s and Dementia for the Alzheimer’s Association. D.A.B. is a consultant for Biogen, Inc. B.F.B. has received institutional support from LBDA; is a member of the Scientific Advisory Boards of the Tau Consortium (funded by the Rainwater Charitable Foundation), AFTD, LBDA, and GE Healthcare; is a member of the Data Safety Monitoring Board of trial involving mesenchymal stem cells in MSA. J.D.B has received honoraria from serving on the Scientific Advisory Board and Speaker’s Bureau of Biogen, Celgene, EMD Serono, Genentech and Novartis; has received research support from AbbVie, Alexion, Alkermes, Biogen, Celgene, Sanofi Genzyme, Genentech, Novartis and TG Therapeutics. A.L.B. has received financial support from NIH, the Association for Frontotemporal Degeneration, the Bluefield Project, the Rainwater Charitable Foundation, Regeneron, Eisai and Biogen; and has served as a paid consultant for AGTC, Alector, Amylyx, AviadoBio, Arkuda, Arrowhead, Arvinas, Eli Lilly, Genentech, LifeEdit, Merck, Modalis, Oligomerix, Oscotec, Transposon and Wave. J.M.B. is compensated as a consultant for Stage 2 Innovations; and has received honoraria and travel support for speaking from Astra-Zeneca. J.D.Buxbaum is a consultant to BridgeBio and to Rumi; holds a patent for IGF- 1 in Phelan-McDermid syndrome; holds an honorary professorship from Aarhus University Denmark; receives research support from Takeda and Oryzon; and is a journal editor for Springer Nature. C.Cao has a patent pending for melatonin-insulin-THC (MIT) treatment; and serves as a scientific consultant for MegaNano Biotech, Inc. C.M.C. has received grants from the National Institutes of Health, Eisai, Eli Lilly, Veterans Affairs; has received nonfinancial support from Amarin; has received data safety monitoring board/travel/advisory board honoraria from Alzheimer's Association, National Institutes of Health, and American Fed Aging Res Beeson Program. J.C. is currently employed as a senior scientist at Takeda Pharmaceuticals, Inc.; the company did not influence the study design, analyses, or interpretation of the results presented in this manuscript. C.Cruchaga has received research support from GSK and Eisai, is a member of the advisory boards of Vivid Genomics and Circular Genomics, and owns stocks. D.W.D. is an editorial board member for Acta Neuropathologica, Brain, Brain Pathology, Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology, Annals of Neurology, Neuropathology, and is an Editor for the International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Pathology and for the American Journal of Neurodegenerative Disease; and receives support Mangurian Foundation and the Rainwater Charitable Foundation. R.S.D. is an employee of F. Hoffman-La Roche, Ltd. and Genentech, Inc.; and owns or has stock options in F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Ltd. N.E.-T. receives research support from the NIH; is a member of multiple Scientific Advisory Boards including the Framingham Heart Study Executive Committee, Cytox, and the NIH TREAT-AD Consortium External Advisory Board Member; has patents pending for Human Monoclonal Antibodies Against Amyloid Beta Protein and Their Use as Therapeutic Agents Application, and RNAi against targets in Progressive Supranuclear palsy; is an Editorial Board Member for the American Journal of Neurodegenerative Disease and Alzheimer's & Dementia; and receives research support from Florida Health Ed and Ethel Moore Alzheimer's Disease Research Program and an Alzheimer's Association Zenith Award. T.M.F. has received honoraria and travel support from the External Advisory Boards for Alzheimer Disease Research Centers that might also be a site for the LEADS study. D.R.G. serves on Data Safety Monitoring Boards for Cognition Therapeutics and Proclara Biosciences; and is an Editor of Alzheimer’s Research & Therapy. B.G. has consulted for Piramal Imaging. A.M.G is a member of the Scientific Advisory Boards/Scientific Research Boards for Genentech, Muna Therapeutics, and Denali Therapeutics. N.R.G.-.R. has received royalties for an article in UpToDate; and has received research support for multi-center studies at Eli Lilly & Company, Biogen, and AbbVie. R.C.G. has received compensation as an advisor for AIA, Grail, Humanity, Kneed Media, Plumcare, UnitedHealth, Verily, VibrentHealth, Wamberg; and is co-founder of Genome Medical, Inc. J.Hardy is supported by the UK Dementia Research Institute, which receives its funding from DRI, Ltd., funded by the UK Medical Research Council, Alzheimer's Society, and Alzheimer's Research UK; and is also supported by the MRC, Wellcome Trust, the Dolby Family Fund, and the National Institute for Health Research University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre. T.H. is a member of a scientific advisory board for Vivid Genomics. L.S.H. is the Web Editor for JAMA Neurology. B.T.H. has a family member who works at Novartis, and owns stock in Novartis; and serves on the Scientific Advisory Board of Dewpoint and owns stock; and serves on a Scientific Advisory Board or is a consultant for AbbVie, Aprinoia Therapeutics, Arvinas, Avrobio, Axial, Biogen, BMS, Cure Alz Fund, Cell Signaling, Eisai, Genentech, Ionis, Latus, Novartis, Sangamo, Sanofi, Seer, Takeda, the US Dept of Justice, Vigil, Voyager; and receives research support for his laboratory from research grants from the National Institutes of Health, Cure Alzheimer’s Fund, Tau Consortium, and the JPB Foundation, and through sponsored research agreements from Abbvie, BMS, and Biogen. G.P.J. was the 2022 Past President of the American Society of Human Genetics. J.H.K. has been a consultant for Biogen. E.B.L. receives royalties from contributions to UpToDate. J.B.L. is a member of the Scientific Advisory Board of Vaxxinity and has received grant support from Biogen and GE Healthcare. A.I.L. is a founder of EmTheraPro. R.B.L. has received research support from the National Institutes of Health, the FDA, and the National Headache Foundation; serves as consultant, advisory board member, or has received honoraria or research support from AbbVie/Allergan, Amgen, Biohaven, Dr. Reddy’s Laboratories (Promius), electroCore, Eli Lilly, GlaxoSmithKline, Lundbeck, Merck, Novartis, Teva, Vector, and Vedanta Research; receives royalties from Wolff’s Headache, 8 th edition (Oxford University Press, 2009), and Informa; and holds stock in Biohaven and Manistee. D.C.M. receives NIH funding; is the inventor of the FCI-SF and the UAB Research Foundation (UABRF); owns the FCI-SF through copyright and trademark (FCAP); has previously received royalty and consulting income from UABRF licensed use and sale of the FCI-SF; and is currently a consultant on an unaffiliated NIH grant using the FCI-SF. A.V.M. is a council member of the Alzheimer's Association International Research Grants Program, on the steering committee of the Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study, and on the editorial boards of Alzheimer's & Dementia: Translational Research and Clinical Interventions and the Journal of Neuro-ophthalmology. S.I.M. is an employee of Pfizer, Inc.; the company did not influence the study design, analyses, or interpretation of the results presented in this manuscript. B.L.M. has received grant support from NIH, the Bluefield Project, and the Rainwater Charitable Foundation; has received royalties from books published by Cambridge University Press, Elsevier, Inc., Guilford Publications, Inc., Johns Hopkins Press, Oxford University Press and Taylor & Francis Group; has received honorarium for serving as a member of the Scientific Advisory Board of the Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center (ADRC) at Massachusetts General Hospital, Stanford University, and the University of Washington; and has received consulting fees from Genworth. J.W.M. receives compensation as Associate Editor for the journal Nutrition Reviews; and has received within the last 3 years consulting compensation from Church and Dwight, Inc.; and is a producer and seller of consumer goods including vitamin supplements. J.C.M is a consultant for clinical trials of antidementia drugs from Eli Lilly and Company, Biogen, and Janssen; is a consultant for the Barcelona Brain Research Center (BBRC) and the TS Srinivasan Advisory Board; is an advisory board member for the Cure Alzheimer’s Fund Research Strategy Council. S.E.O. has multiple pending and issued patents on blood biomarkers for detecting and precision medicine therapeutics in neurodegenerative diseases; and is a founding scientist of Cx Precision Medicine, Inc. and owns stock options. R.C.P. is chair for the data monitoring committee for Pfizer and Janssen Alzheimer Immunotherapy and is a consultant for GE Healthcare and Roche. W.W.P. is a co-inventor of and holds a patent for WO/2018/160496, related to the differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells into microglia. E.M.R. is a scientific advisor to Alzheon, Aural Analytics, Denali, Retromer Therapeutics, and Vaxxinity and a co-founder and advisor to ALZPath. J.M.R. receives research support from Avid Pharmaceuticals. R.N.R. is the Editor of JAMA Neurology. M.S. has received grants from the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and the US Department of Veterans Affairs Veterans Health Administration. A.J.S. has received support from Avid Radiopharmaceuticals, a subsidiary of Eli Lilly (in-kind contribution of PET tracer precursor), is a member of scientific advisor boards for Bayer Oncology and Eisai and of the dementria advisory board and Siemens Medical Solutions USA, is a member of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute MESA observational study monitoring board, and is part of the editorial office support as editor-in-chief for Brain Imaging and Behavior for Springer-Nature Publishing. J.A.S. has received consulting fees from AVID, Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, and Cerveau Technologies. L.S.S. has received personal fees from AC Immune, Athira, BioVie, Eli Lilly, Lundbeck, Merck, Neurim Ltd., Novo-Nordisk, Otsuka, Roche/Genentech within the past year; and research grants from Biogen, Eisai, and Eli Lilly and Company. W.W.S. serves as a paid consultant to Biogen Idec and has received grant support from NIH, the Association for Frontotemporal Degeneration, the Bluefield Project, the Rainwater Charitable Foundation, and the Chan-Zuckerberg Initiative. S.A.S. has received an unrestricted research grant from Mars, Inc. R.A.S. has received grants from the National Institutes of Health and the from Concussion Legacy Foundation; and received compensation from Biogen and Lundbeck; and has received royalties received from Psychological Assessment Resources for published neuropsychological tests; and has stock options as a member of the board of King Devick Technologies. D.L.S. has received research support from NIH and Eisai, has participated as a paid member of a DSMB or adjudication committee with Acadia, Avanir, Janssen, and Otsuka, and has received consulting fees from Avanir and NovoNordisk. R.E.T. has received patents for gamma-secretase modulators for exploring treatment of Alzheimer's disease. H.W. has received support from the TEVA speaker's bureau. T.S.W. is as a cofounder of revXon. C.B.W. has received royalties from UpTo Date for 2 chapters; has done legal consulting for the law firms of Abali, Milne, and Faegre Baker Daniels; is a consultant for Merck and Co; and does stroke adjudication for a National Institutes of Health clinical trial. L.A.F. has received institutional support from Mass Mutual Insurance. G.T., W.-P.L., Y.Y.L., P.P.K., J.B.M., J.A.P., R.M.S., X.Z., M.S.A., R.L.A., L.G.A., S.E.A., S.Asthana, C.T.B., R.C.B., L.L.B., S.B., T.G.B., J.T.B., D.Beekly, B.B., D.Bennett, T.D.B., D.A.B., B.F.B., J.D.B., A.L.B., J.M.B., J.D.Buxbaum, C.Cao, C.S.C., C.M.C., M.M.C., H.C.C., S.Craft, P.K.C., E.A.C., C.Cruchaga, M.L.C., P.L.D., C.D., J.C.D., M.Dick, D.W.D., R.S.D., R.D., N.E.-T., D.A.E., D.W.F., V.F., T.M.F., M.P.F., D.R.G., A.G., M.G., D.H.G., B.G., A.M.G., N.R.G.-R., R.C.G., H.H., O.Harari, J.Hardy, T.H., L.S.H., R.M.H., M.J.H., B.T.H., G.P.J., M.I.K., A.K., J.S.K., J.A.K., C.D.K., A.Khaleeq, N.W.K., J.H.K., W.K., E.B.L., J.B.L., A.I.L., A.P.L., R.B.L., M.W.L., O.L.L., K.L.L., C.G.L., M.E.F., D.C.M., E.R.M., D.C.Mash, E.M., A.V.M., W.C.M., A.C.M., M.Mesulam, B.L.M., C.A.M., J.W.M., T.J.M., J.C.M., S.Mukherjee, A.J.M., S.E.O., H.L.P., V.P., E.P., R.C.P., W.W.P., E.M.R., J.M.R., E.D.R., M.Rodriguear, R.N.R., M.S., A.J.S., J.A.S., L.S.S., W.W.S., S.A.S., R.A.S., S.M.S., D.S., R.E.T., D.W.T., V.M.VD., L.J.VE., J.M.V., B.N.V., E.M.W., T.S.W., C.B.W., S.G.Y., B.W.K., W.B., L.-S.W., L.A.F., J.L.H., R.M., M.A.P.-V., G.D.S., G.R.J., C.R., and A.C.N. have received grant funding from the National Institutes of Health, including from the National Institute on Aging and others. E.R. has received grant funding from the Canadian Institutes for Health Research.
