De Paoli-Iseppi, Ricardo https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7724-9144
Joshi, Shweta S. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2747-1331
Gleeson, Josie https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4302-9191
Prawer, Yair D. J. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4446-0733
You, Yupei https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7302-3033
Agarwal, Ria https://orcid.org/0009-0007-0376-753X
Li, Anran https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5031-4241
Hull, Anthea
Whitehead, Eloise M.
Seo, Yoonji
Kujawa, Rhea https://orcid.org/0009-0006-3937-6437
Chang, Raphael
Dutt, Mriga https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4240-1219
McLean, Catriona https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0302-5727
Parker, Benjamin L. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1818-2183
Clark, Michael B. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2903-9537
Funding for this research was provided by:
Brain and Behavior Research Foundation (27184)
National Health and Medical Research Council (GNT1196841)
Article History
Received: 5 April 2024
Accepted: 31 July 2025
First Online: 23 September 2025
Declarations
:
: Healthy control post-mortem human brain samples were obtained from six consented individuals collected by the Victorian Brain Bank (VBB) and the Human Research Ethics Committee of the University of Melbourne gave ethical approval for this work: #12457 and #28304.
: The VBB obtained signed consent for whole-brain donation from either the donor or their next-of-kin in which the signed person states: “I agree that research data gathered from studies may be published providing the donor cannot be identified.” All samples mentioned in this study have been de-identified and, except VBB pathologist CM, authors were blinded to any other individual details beyond those mentioned in the methods.
: RDP, YP, YY, JG, and MBC have received financial support from Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT) to present their findings at scientific conferences. ONT played no role in study design, execution, analysis or publication.