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Authors
Aarts, Ellen M.
Laman Trip, Diederik S.
Neatu, Ruxandra
Martin, Charlotte G.
Riley, Beth
Kraus, Alison
Green, Abigail
Al-Hamed, Mohamed H.
Armstrong, Rachel E.
Sayer, John A.
Bachmann-Gagescu, Ruxandra
Beltrao, Pedro
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Personalized Health and Related Technologies (2022-37)
Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung (310030_220012)
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Article History
Received: 8 January 2025
Accepted: 3 December 2025
First Online: 19 February 2026
Declarations
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: Regarding genomic research conducted with data and findings from the Genomics England 100,000 Genomes Project, all participants in the 100,000 Genomes Project provided written consent to access their anonymized clinical and genomic data for research purposes. The Genomics England 100,000 Genomes Project was approved by the Health Research Authority Research Ethics Committee East of England – Cambridge South (14/EE/1112) [ ]. For the Saudi Arabian cohort, a genetic database of families with recurrent loss of pregnancy via the Maternal Fetal Medicine High-Risk Clinic at the King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre (KFSH&RC) was examined. The study was approved by the Research Advisory Council at the King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre (KFSH&RC), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (RAC# 2160 022). Written informed consent was obtained from the families. The study was conducted in adherence with the Declaration of Helsinki.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
