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Article History

Received: 25 July 2025

Accepted: 21 January 2026

First Online: 14 February 2026

Declarations

:

: We did not collect new animal or human data or tissue in this study. For information regarding the ethics approval of the Richter’s Transformed CLL samples, please refer to the original publication for recruitment information (Parry et al. Nature Medicine 2023; PMID: 36624313). NA12878 is a well-characterized genomic DNA derived from the Coriell cell line GM12878 and homozygous reference regions defined by the Genome in a Bottle project. TCGA samples were collected following written informed consent under institutional review board-approved protocols at each tissue source site, as described in the original TCGA publications [ ]. Data were accessed through dbGaP (accession phs000178.v11.p8) [ ] under an approved data access request. To the best of our knowledge, all original studies from which data were derived are in compliance with the Declaration of Helsinki.

: We did not collect information on personal data in this study. For information regarding the publication consent forms for the Richter’s Transformed CLL samples, please refer to the original publication for recruitment information (Parry et al. Nature Medicine 2023; PMID: 36624313). NA12878 is a well-characterized genomic DNA derived from the Coriell cell line GM12878 and homozygous reference regions defined by the Genome in a Bottle project. TCGA patient data were collected following written informed consent under institutional review board-approved protocols at consortium site, as described in the original TCGA publications [ ]. Data were accessed through dbGaP (accession phs000178.v11.p8) [ ] under an approved data access request.

: G.G. receives research funds from IBM, Pharmacyclics/Abbvie, Bayer, Genentech, Calico, Ultima Genomics, Inocras, Google, Kite, and Novartis and is also an inventor on patent applications filed by the Broad Institute related to MSMuTect, MSMutSig, POLYSOLVER, SignatureAnalyzer-GPU, MSEye, MinimuMM-seq, and DLBclass. He is a founder, consultant, and holds privately held equity in Scorpion Therapeutics; he is also a founder of, and holds privately held equity in, Predicta Biosciences; and holds privately held equity in Antares Therapeutics. O.P. is an employee of and holds privately held equity in Serinus Biosciences. J.H. is an employee of and holds privately held equity in Predicta Biosciences. The other authors declare no competing interests.