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Authors
Faquih, Tariq O.
Imtiaz, Mohammed Aslam
Talevi, Valentina
Landstra, Elvire N.
van Hylckama Vlieg, Astrid
Li-Gao, Ruifang
Rosendaal, Frits R.
Noordam, Raymond
van Heemst, Diana
Mook-Kanamori, Dennis O.
Breteler, Monique M. B.
Aziz, N. Ahmad
van Dijk, Ko Willems
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
VELUX Stiftung (1156)
Dutch Science Organization (916.14.023)
German Research Foundation (EXC2151-390873048)
Research Council Starting Grant (101041677)
Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen e.V. (DZNE) in der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft
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Article History
Received: 4 October 2025
Accepted: 27 May 2026
First Online: 10 July 2026
Declarations
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: The NEO study was approved by the medical ethical committee of the Leiden University Medical Centre (LUMC) and all participants gave their written informed consent. The ethics committee of the medical faculty of the University of Bonn approved the undertaking of the Rhineland Study, and it was carried out according to the recommendations of the “International Council for Harmonisation Good Clinical Practice” standards. Written informed consent was acquired from all participants per the Declaration of Helsinki in both the NEO and Rhineland Study.All study participants in the respective cohorts provided their written informed consent. No additional ethical approval was required for the present meta-analysis, as all participating studies had previously obtained local ethical approval and written informed consent from participants.
: All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
