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Authors
Patterson, Andrew
Duong, Bryant
Yoon, Leena
Foster, Maya
MacMullen, Lauren
Wickramasinghe, Jayamanna
Lucas, Anastasia
Srivastava, Avi
Jacobson, Steven
Murphy, Maureen E.
Soldan, Samantha S.
Lieberman, Paul M.
Auslander, Noam https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2037-1517
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Institutes of Health (5T32CA009171)
National Institutes of Health (LM014503-02)
United States Department of Defense Award Number (HT9425-23-1-1049)
National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (R01 DE017336)
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (R01 AI153508)
W. W. Smith Charitable Trust (C2308)
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Article History
Received: 12 November 2025
Accepted: 15 September 2026
First Online: 25 September 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: All human studies were conducted in accordance with relevant ethical regulations and protocols and with the Declaration of Helsinki and were reviewed by the Institutional Review Boards of the National Institutes of Health (FWA00005897) and The Wistar Institute, as previously described [92]. All healthy controls, patients with multiple sclerosis, and donors participating in the mixed lymphocyte reaction experiments provided written informed consent prior to participation.
Consent for publication: Not applicable.
Competing interests: S.J. was supported by the Intramural Research Program of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The contributions of the NIH author(s) were made as part of their official duties as NIH federal employees, are in compliance with agency policy requirements, and are considered Works of the United States Government. However, the findings and conclusions presented in this paper are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the NIH or the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.P.M.L. received compensation for advisory panels for GSK, Merck, Pfizer, Sanofi, Moderna and Elethera Bio, Inc.The other authors declare no competing interests.
