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Article History

Received: 15 February 2026

Accepted: 2 June 2026

First Online: 6 June 2026

Declarations

:

: All experimental procedures were conducted under approval of the Ethics Committee of the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University (Approval No. 2026-E0011) and in accordance with the approved study protocol, institutional regulations, and relevant national guidelines. All animal experiments were performed in compliance with the approved protocol. The maximal permitted tumour size was 2.0 cm in diameter or ≤ 10% of body weight, as specified in the ethical approval. Animals were monitored regularly, humane endpoints were applied when required, and the approved tumour burden was not exceeded. Source data for tumour growth analyses are available in accordance with journal data availability requirements. Clinical samples were obtained from the institutional biobank of the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University. All samples were fully de-identified prior to use and were included as part of an approved secondary research protocol. The requirement for informed consent was waived by the Ethics Committee due to the use of anonymized archived specimens. All procedures involving human materials were conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.