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Article History

Received: 19 March 2020

Accepted: 11 February 2021

First Online: 1 March 2021

Ethics approval and consent to participate

: The study was approved by the Ethics Committee II of the Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg (January 2015). Further applications for ethical approvals in the UK (National Research Ethics Service Committee London – Camberwell St Giles) and in the Netherlands (Commissie Mensgebonden Onderzoek, Regio Arnhem-Nijmegen) were granted in June 2016 (Nijmegen), March 2017 (Utrecht), and June 2018 (London), respectively. Subjects and their parents/legal guardians received informed assent/consent documents explaining the study and its potential risks and benefits. Informed assent and consent forms were signed before inclusion.

: Not applicable

: Larissa Niemeyer was involved as investigator in a clinical trial by Servier. The present work is unrelated to this relationship.Konstantin Mechler has served as investigator in clinical trials conducted by Lundbeck, Shire, Sunovion, and Teva, plus in European Union funded projects.Jan Buitelaar has been in the past 3 years a consultant to/member of advisory board of/and/or speaker for Takeda/Shire, Roche, Medice, and Servier. He is not an employee of any of these companies and not a stock shareholder of any of these companies. He has no other financial or material support, including expert testimony, patents, and royalties.Sarah Durston reports no potential conflicts of interest.Bram Gooskens reports no potential conflicts of interest.Bob Oranje: reports no potential conflicts of interest.Tobias Banaschewski served in an advisory or consultancy role for Lundbeck, Medice, Neurim Pharmaceuticals, Oberberg GmbH, Shire, and Infectopharm. He received conference support or speaker’s fee by Lilly, Medice, and Shire. He received royalties from Hogrefe, Kohlhammer, CIP Medien, Oxford University Press. The present work is unrelated to the above grants and relationships.Ralf W. Dittmann has received compensation for serving as consultant or speaker, or he or the institution he works for have received research support or royalties from the organizations or companies indicated: EU (FP7 Programme), US National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), German Federal Ministry of Health/Regulatory Agency (BMG/BfArM), German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF), German Research Foundation (DFG), Volkswagen Foundation; Boehringer Ingelheim, Ferring, Janssen-Cilag, Lilly, Lundbeck, Otsuka, Servier, Shire, Sunovion/Takeda, and Theravance. He owns Eli Lilly stock.Alexander Häge has received conference support, speaker’s fee and/or served in an advisory role for Shire/Takeda and Lily. He was involved as investigator in clinical trials by Shire, Janssen-Cilag, Otsuka, Sunovion, Servier, Lundbeck, Takeda, Nuvelution, Gedeon Richter, and Emalex. The present work is unrelated to the above relationships.