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Article History

Received: 10 December 2023

Accepted: 26 July 2024

First Online: 17 August 2024

Declarations

:

: The study was approved by the Research Ethics Board of the University of Klagenfurt (Board Approval Number: 2018–21/7) and the local ethical boards in the three implementation countries: Human Research Ethics Commission at the School of Medicine—St. Cyril and Methodius University Skopje, Macedonia (number 03–1460/11); Ethics Committee of Research of ‘Nicolae Testemitanu’ State University of Medicine and Pharmacy of the Republic of Moldova, Chişinău, Moldova (nr. 43 la nr. 56); and the Ethical Committee of Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania (number 3533/05.03.2018).All participants provided informed consent to participate in the study. The consent form from phase 2 is openly available ().

: Not applicable.

: IF reports fee from the Universität Hamburg, Germany; IF is a certified trainer of the Triple P programme. HMF and MR report participating in other research studies involving the PLH programme as principal investigator, as well on the Horizon European project, RISE evaluating the PLH-YC. JML is the CEO of Parenting for Lifelong Health (PLH), a charitable organisation based in the United Kingdom that developed the PLH-YC intervention. FG is one of the co-developers of the PLH programmes and occasionally receives fees as a consultant on PLH-related policy projects. No profit is made from the PLH programme. RJM is the co-developer of other parenting interventions (Helping the Noncompliant Child; the parenting component of Fast Track) and was in the past and is also currently involved in research involving these parenting interventions. RJM and TO received an annual stipend for serving as members of the DSMB for this project. JH occasionally receives fees as a consultant and/or trainer on PLH-related projects. The authors have participated/are participating in several research studies involving the programme as investigators. Conflict is avoided by declaring these potential conflicts of interest and by conducting and disseminating rigorous, transparent, and impartial evaluation research on both this and other similar parenting programmes. MRC was involved as a research coordinator for data collection. IK reports participating in other research studies involving the PLH programme as team member. IK was a research coordinator on the RISE project in North Macedonia. NH reports personal fees from academic institutions offering continued education for psychotherapy education in Germany, outside of the submitted work; she has attended trainings in two other parenting interventions (Triple P, PCIT) and she was in the past and is also currently involved in research studies involving parent interventions including amongst others the PLH programme. TO and JM declare that they have no competing interests.