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Article History

Received: 26 May 2025

Accepted: 15 July 2025

First Online: 11 August 2025

Ethics approval and consent to participate {24}

: This study protocol was reviewed and approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University (Approval Number: 2024-KY-016). Written informed consent will be obtained from all participants or, in cases where the patient is unable to consent due to their medical condition, from a legally authorized representative in accordance with institutional policy and national regulations. Participation is voluntary, and patients may withdraw at any time without affecting their clinical care.

: The research provided to participants a detailed written informed consent form. These materials were approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University. The documents outline the study purpose, procedures, potential risks and benefits, data confidentiality, participant rights, and contact information. To preserve participant privacy and comply with institutional regulations, these materials are not included in the public supplementary files, but can be made available upon reasonable request to the corresponding author or study sponsor.

: The authors declare no competing interests. The nitric oxide delivery equipment and related consumables used in this study are provided by Nanjing Nuoling Biotechnology Co., Ltd. The company has no role in study design, data collection, statistical analysis, interpretation of results, or manuscript preparation.