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Authors
Heath, Anna https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7263-4251
Rios, David
Vogel, Kristina I.
Rowe, Tremaine
Wills-Ibarra, Natasha
Oakley, Ed
Offringa, Martin
Pechlivanoglou, Petros
Klassen, Terry P.
Dalziel, Stuart R.
Plint, Amy C.
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Pullenayegum, Eleanor
Round, Jeff
Willan, Andy
Meckler, Garth
Roback, Mark
Kharbanda, Anupam
Cohen, Eyal
Nigrovic, Lise
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Canadian Institutes of Health Research (MYG-151207)
National Health and Medical Research Council
Cure Kids
Starship Foundation
University of Ottawa Research Chair
Canada Research Chair
Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute
Centre hospitalier universitaire Sainte-Justine
Children’s Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba
CHEO Research Institute
Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute
Stollery Children’s Hospital
Research Manitoba
University of Western Ontario
Women and Children’s Health Research Institute
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Article History
Received: 7 March 2025
Accepted: 31 August 2025
First Online: 12 November 2025
Declarations
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: REB approval has been obtained for all study sites. In Canada, approval has been obtained from Sainte-Justine’s UHC Research Ethics Committee (Study ID 2019-2062), the Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario REB (CHEO REB protocol 18/07 CTO and Lawson Approval R-18-669), the University of Manitoba Biomedical Research Board (HS22184[B2018:09]), the Health REB–Biomedical Panel (Edmonton) (study ID Pro00083863), and the Conjoint Health REB, University of Calgary (Ethics ID REB18-0424). In New Zealand, approval has been granted by the Health and Disability Ethics Committee (Ethics ID 19/STH/210). In Australia, approval has been granted by the Child and Adolescent Health Services Human Research Ethics Committee (RGS3033). Consent for enrolment will be obtained from the legal guardians of eligible infants.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
