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Authors
Matsumoto, Tomoya
Nagashima, Masaru https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1410-472X
Kagaya, Wataru
Okomo, Gordon
Kongere, James
Oginga, Jared
Opiyo, Victor
Gitaka, Jesse
Kaneko, Akira
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (20JM0110020H0002)
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JP21H051080, 23KK0024)
KDDI Foundation
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Article History
Received: 17 June 2024
Accepted: 11 September 2025
First Online: 21 October 2025
Declarations
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: This study was approved by the Mount Kenya University Independent Ethics and Research Committee (MKU-IERC) (approval number: MKU/ERC/2165) and the Ethics Committee at Otaru University of Commerce (approval number: OUC-2020-07-01). Informed consent will be obtained from study participants before the experimental intervention is implemented. Participants have the right to withdraw from the study at any time and have the option to withhold previously collected samples from any future analyses and studies. The consent form clearly states that the samples collected in this study may potentially be used for other research purposes. In such cases, we will obtain the necessary ethical approval and will allow participants to opt out. All experiments will be carried out in adherence to WHO requirements and the Declaration of Helsinki.
: Not applicable—no identifying images or other personal or clinical details of participants are presented here or will be presented in reports of the trial results. The participant information materials and informed consent forms are available from the corresponding author on request.
: The authors have no competing interests to disclose.
